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名词,知识梳理,一、名词的种类,二、可数名词的数,1.,有些名词单复数同形,，如,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,fish,sheep,deer,，,means,species,。,2.,有些名词形式上是单数，但却表示复数意义,，如,people,，,police,，,cattle,audience,public,staff,。,3.,有些名词的复数形式有特殊的变化,，如,childchildren,manmen,，,womanwomen,，,EnglishmanEnglishmen,，,FrenchmanFrenchmen,footfeet,toothteeth,mousemice,mediummedia,。,注意：,German,Germans,德国人,常考国家人变复数可以这样记忆,：,中日瑞士不变，英法变，其他后面加,s,Chinese,Japanese,，,Swiss,单复数同形；,Englishman,Englishmen,Frenchman,Frenchmen,其他像,American Australian Russian Canadian Korean German,在其后加,s.,4.,以辅音字母加,y,结尾的名词复数，变,y,为,ies,，如,：,city-cities baby-babies families factory-factories country-countries,但以元音字母加,y,接尾的名词复数只加,s,如：,boy-boys day-days monkey-monkeys,5.,以,fe,或,f,结尾的名词复数,：,1,）加,s,：,belief-beliefs roof-roofs gulf-gulfs safe-safes golf-golfs,2,）改,fe,或,f,为,ves:,knife-knives leaf-leaves wife-wives,life-lives wolf-wolves half-halves,6.,以,o,结尾的名词复数加,es,的，记住以下几个即可：,Negro-Negroes hero-heroes,potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes,其他一般只加,s,，,如,:,zoo-zoos radio-radios photo-photos piano-pianos,7.,复合名词变复数形式有三种情况,：,1,）将最后一部分变为复数，如,theatre-goers,fire-engines,grown-ups,。,2,）将主体名词变为复数，如,daughters-in-law,sons-in-law,editors-in-chief,，,passers-by,3,）,man,或,woman,修饰名词复数时，如,men servants,women doctors,。,但,boy,或,girl,修饰名词复数时，如,girl students,boy students,。,8.,几个“建议”：,advice,不可数名词,suggestion,，,tip,可数名词,几个“信息”：,news,新闻 不可数名词,information,信息,不可数名词,message,消息 信息,可数名词,另外,:,equipment,装备 设备 不可数名词,furniture,家具 不可数名词,instrument,器械 仪器 可数名词,device,设备 仪器 可数名词,三、名词所有格,1.,s,所有格：主要用于表示人或较高级动物的名词后,，如,Johns office,。,也可用于一些表示无生命的东西的名词后,，如,yesterdays newspaper,。,注意：,s,所有格所修饰的名词的省略：,1,）,s,所有格所修饰的名词如之前已出现，则可以省略。如：,This is not my dictionary,but Bills.,2,）,s,所有格后的名词如指,商店、家等地点,时，该名词常省略。,如：,He went into a stationers to buy a ruler.,He had to go to,his sisters,for dinner.,3,）,有些教堂、宫殿、医院、学院等名称前有,s,所有格时，该名称可省略。,如：,St.Pauls=St.Pauls Cathedral,圣保罗大教堂,Guys=Guys Hospital,盖伊医院,2.,of,所有格：,1,）用于无生命的东西，如,the title of the book,the door of the house,。,2,）用于名词化的词，如,the livelihood of the poor,。,3,）用于修饰语较多时，如,the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat,。,4,）用于代词或数词后，如,some of the books,five of the top financial experts,。,3.,双重所有格：由“,of+,名词的,s,所有格”或“,of+,名词性物主代词”构成,，,如,a friend of Marks,that lovely dog of hers.,四、名词的功用,名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语、状语等。,考点归纳,考点一 名词词义辨析,高考对名词词义辨析的考查主要体现在单项填空和完形填空中,，其选项基本上是形似的词、意义相近但用法不同的词或者形式和意义都不相关的词。解这类题的关键是要弄清楚选项中各个,名词的含义,，同时也要注意联系,上下文的搭配和语境,。,After a long and careful _,Greg saw,across a field,the dog moving casually away.,(2019,年全国卷,II,完型填空,),A.preparation B.explanation,C.test D.search,D,考点二 名词固定搭配,The dictionary is out of _:many words have been added to the language since it was published.,A.control B.date,C.sight D.reach,(2016,天津,),B,考点三名词的格,名词所有格主要体现在短文改错中。,When I was little,Fridays night was our,family game night.,（,2018,全国卷,II,短文改错）,Friday,考点四 名词的数,对名词单复数的考查主要体现在单词拼写、,语法填空以及短文改错中。,1.Making Chinese _(dish)is seen as especially troublesome.,（,2018,年浙江卷语法填空）,dishes,2.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause).,（,2018,全国卷,I,语法填空）,causes,1.This switch has decreased _(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.,（,2018,全国卷,II,语法填空）,考点五 名词构词法,对名词构词法的考查主要体现在语法填空,中。,pollution,2.Im a _(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.,（,2018,全国卷,III,语法填空）,scientist,高考链接,1.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a _(believe)that populations are increasing.,（,2019,年全国卷,I,语法填空）,belief,2.When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _(compete)to watch,together with the story behind it.,（,2019,年全国卷,III,语法填空）,competition,competitor,参赛者,competition,比赛 竞赛,3.No matter what you like to do,there is a way to get involved in various _(activity)on Earth Day.,（,2019,年北京卷语法填空）,4.American studies showed no _(connect)between uniforms and school performance.,(2019,年浙江卷语言运用,),activities,connection/connections,改错。,All the football player on the playground cheered loudly,（,2019,年全国卷,I,短文改错）,2.I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.,(2019,年全国卷,III,短文改错,),players,cities,巩固练习,I.,用括号内单词的正确形式填空。,1.If a houseplant is given too much water,its lower _(leaf)turn yellow.,2.I caught several _(fish)in the lake yesterday.,3.On our trip in the mountainous countryside,we saw some _(wolf),_(fox),_(deer)and wild _(sheep).,leaves,fish,wolves,foxes,deer,sheep,4.The music building at the university has 27 _(piano).Students need to sign up for practice times.,5.Thunder and lightning are _(phenomenon)of nature.,6.People get most of their news about the world through the mass _(medium),that is,through radio,television,the Internet,newspapers,and magazines.,pianos,phenomena,media,II.,下面各句中均有一处错误，请找出并改正。,The music building at the university has 27 piano.,pianopianos,2.New scientific discover are made every day in lab
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