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*,*,2024/11/16,2024/11/16,Term,inology,2,Combining form prefix and suffix,meaning,terminology,meaning,aden/o,gland,腺,adenitis,adenoma,adenopathy,腺炎,腺瘤,腺病,crin/o,secrete,分泌,endocrinology,hypercrine,crinogenic,内分泌学,内分泌机能亢进的,促分泌的,hormon/o,hormone,激素,hormonal,hormonogenesis,hormonology,激素的，激素性,激素生成,内分泌学,adren/o,adrenal glands,肾上腺,adrenitis,adrenolytic,adrenopathy,肾上腺炎,抗肾上腺素的,肾上腺病,2024/11/16,Term,inology,3,Combining form prefix and suffix,meaning,terminology,meaning,pancreat/o,pancreas,胰腺,pancreatic,pancreatin,pancreatogram,胰腺，胰脏的,胰酶,胰造影摄片,gluc/o,sugar,糖,glucagon,glucogenesis,glucolysis,胰高血糖素,葡萄糖生成,糖酵解,glyc/o,sugar,糖,glycopenia,glycosuria,hyperglycemia,低糖，糖过少,糖尿,高血糖症,insulin/o,insulin,胰岛素,insulinase,insuloma,hyperinsulinism,胰岛素酶,胰岛素瘤,高胰岛素血症,2024/11/16,Term,inology,4,Combining form prefix and suffix,meaning,terminology,meaning,endo-,within,内,endoderm,endoscope,endoplasm,内胚层,内镜,内质,thyroid/o,thyroid,甲状腺,thyroiditis,thyroidectomy,hypothyroidism,甲状腺炎,甲状腺切除术,甲状腺功能减退,ovari/o,ovary,卵巢,ovariotomy,ovaritis,ovariopathy,卵巢切开术,卵巢炎,卵巢病,-trophic,nutrition,growth,nourishment,营养（的）,neurotrophic,thymotrophic,adrenotrophic,神经营养性的,促胸腺的,促肾上腺的,01 Brief Introduction,02 Classification,03The major factors,04Pathogenesis,05,Clinical Manifestations,06,C,omplications,07,D,iagnosis,08Antidiastole,09,T,herapy,contents,Figure1,：,Main symptom of diabetes,6,Diabetes,mellitus,or simplydiabetes,is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has highblood sugar,either because the pancreas,does not produce enoughinsulin,or because cells,do not respond to the insulin,that is produced.This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms ofpolyuria(frequent urination),polydipsia(increased thirst),andpolyphagia(increased hunger).,01 Brief Introduction,7,02 Classification,2.1,Type,1 diabetes,The pancreas,undergoes an autoimmune attack by the body itself,and is rendered incapable of making insulin.Abnormal antibodies have been found in the majority of patients with type1 diabetes.Antibodies are proteins in the blood that are part of the bodys immune system,the patient with type1 diabetes must rely on insulin medication for survival.,02 Classification,2.2Type 2,diabetes,It p,reviously referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,or adult onset,diabetes mellitus.patients can still produce insulin,but do so relatively inadequately for their bodys needs,particularly in the face of insulin resistance as discussed above.In many cases this actually means the pancreas produces larger than normal quantities,of insulin.A major feature of type2 diabetes is a lack of sensitivity to insulin by the cells of the body.,02 Classification,2.3,Other type of diabetes,gestational diabetes,occurs when pregnant women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level.It may precede development of type 2 DM.,Other forms of diabetes mellitus,include congenital diabetes,which is due togeneticdefects of insulin secretion,cystic fibrosis-related diabetes,steroid diabetes induced by high doses ofglucocorticoids,and several forms ofmonogenic diabetes.,2024/11/16,meta-变化的,metabolism n.新陈代谢,metabolite n.代谢物,metabolize v.使新陈代谢,metabolic adj.变化的，新陈代谢的,poly-多的，多个的，聚合的,polydipsia 多饮,polyuria 多尿,polyphagia 多食,Word Analysis,2024/11/16,uri-尿的，与尿有关的,urine n.尿,polyuria 多尿,uric adj.尿的,urinal n.尿壶,urinate v.小便,urination n.排尿,glucosuria,糖尿,Word Analysis,2024/11/16,Birth weight:,Fat,Irregular menses(menstruation),I,nflammation,Obesity,and a sedentary,lifestyle,Smoking,Metabolic syndrome,03The major factors,03The major factors,3.1,Birth weight,There is a relationship between birth weight and developing diabetes.The,high,er the birth weight the higher the risk of type 2 diabetes.At the other end of the spectrum,a very high birth weight(over 8.8 pounds or 4 kg)also is associated with an increased risk.Additionally,mothers of infants who had a higher birth weight(over 9 pounds)are at increased risk for developing diabetes.,03The major factors,3.2,Fat,The distribution of fat is important.The classic pear shape person(smaller waist than hips)has a lower risk of developing diabetes than the apple shape person(larger around the waist).The exact reason for this difference is unknown,but it is thought to have something to do with the metabolic activity of the fat tissue in different areas of the body,.,03The major factors,3.3,Irregular menses(menstruation),There is an association between the lengthening of the menstrual cycle and the risk for developing diabetes,particularly in obese women.those who had a cycle length of greater than 40 days were twice as likely to develop diabetes than those who cycled every 26 to 31 days.The association is thought to be linked with,polycystic,ovarian syndrome,(PCOS)which is also known to be associated with insulin resistance.Insulin resistance may be a precursor for type 2 diabetes.,03The major factors,3.4,inflammation,In recent years we have begun to understand the importance of inflammation and heart disease.We now know that inflam
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