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十四、并列句和复合句,一、并列句,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫作并列句。常见分类:,1.,表示同等、平行或承接关系,常用连词,and,,,both.and,,,not only.but also.,,,neither.nor.,,,as well as,等。,2.,表示转折关系,常用连词,but,,,yet(,然而,),however(,然而,),while(,而,),等。,3.,表示选择关系,常见连词,or,,,not.but(,不是,而是,),either.or.(,要么,要么,),等。,4.,表示因果关系,常见连词,because,as,,,for(,因为,),so,等。,二、复合句,由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫作复合句。从句需由关联词引导。初中英语教材主要涉及的复合句有状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句。,考点一 状语从句,状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用,修饰主句中的谓语、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同,状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等。,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,时间状,语从句,when,while,before,after,until,since,as soon as,He didnt get home,until,9 p.m.last night.,他直到昨天晚上九点才到家。,Ill call you up,as soon as,I arrive in Beijing.,我一到北京就给你打电话。,条件,状语,从句,if,unless,as long as,Youll be kept out of the party,unless,you have an invitation.,如果没有请柬,您是无法参加这个聚会的。,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,目的,状语,从句,so that,in order that,The new company gave away lots of ads,in order that,people can get to know it.,这家新公司散发了大量广告以加强人们对它的了解。,让步,状语,从句,though/although,even if,whatever,wherever,whenever,The whole library was in silence,although,there were nearly 500 people reading in it.,尽管有将近,500,人在看书,但整座图书馆却寂静无声。,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,原因,状语,从句,because,since,as,for,Since,everyone is here,lets begin our meeting.,既然大家都到齐了,我们开始开会吧。,结果,状语,从句,so.that,such.that,Yao,Ming plays basketball,so,well,that,many Americans have also become his fans.,姚明篮球打得如此好以至于很多美国人也成了他的粉丝。,从句类型,从句引导词,例句,比较,状语,从句,than,as.as.,not as/so.as.,Im,as old as,Bob.,我和鲍勃年龄一样大。,地点,状语,从句,where,wherever,Where,there is a will,there is a way.,哪里有希望,哪里就有出路。(有志者,事竟成),状语从句的注意事项,1.,条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态,(1),如果主句使用一般将来时,条件状语从句和时间状语从句中使用一般现在时表示将来的动作,Your dream must come true if you work hard.,如果努力,你的梦想一定会实现。,Im going to be an engineer when I grow up.,长大后我想成为一名工程师。,(2),如果主句使用过去进行时,时间状语从句中一般使用过去时态,We were watching TV when my father got back.,爸爸回来时我们在看电视。,2.,时间状语从句中,not.until.,(直到,才,)与,before/after,引导的从句的转换。,I went to bed,after,I finished my homework.,=I did,nt,go to bed,until,I finished my homework.,直到做完作业我才去睡觉。,3.,结果状语从句中的特殊句式,(1),祈使句,+and+,简单句:祈使句表示条件,,and,引导的简单句表示在条件的基础上产生的良好结果,前后句意统一,Eat more vegetables and less meat,and youll keep in good health.,多吃菜少吃肉,你会保持健康的。,(2),祈使句,+or+,简单句:祈使句表示条件,,or,引导的简单句表示在违背条件的基础上可能产生的不良后果,前后句意对立。,or,在句中表示“否则”,可与,if,引导的从句进行替换,Keep quiet,or you wont hear what the teacher says.,=Keep quiet,and you will hear what the teacher says.,=If you dont keep quiet,you wont hear what the teacher says.,保持安静,否则你听不见老师在说什么。,(3)so.that.,(如此,以至于,)与,too.to.,(太,而不能,)和,not.enough to.,(不足以,)句式的转换,He is so young that he cant look after himself.=He is too young to look after himself.=He is not old enough to look after himself.,他如此年轻以至于他不能照顾自己。,考点二 宾语从句,一、在主从复合句中作宾语的句子叫作宾语从句。,二、宾语从句的四个考点:,时态,主句是现在时,从句根据实际情况使用相应时态,主句是过去时,从句使用过去时的某种形式,从句表示的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等时,不管主句使用什么时态,从句都用一般现在时,语序,从句一律用陈述语序,即主语,+,谓语,连接词,that,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;作主语时不能省略,what,when,where,how,whatever,whenever,wherever,who,whom,whose,等特殊疑问词作连接词,当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时,连接词用,whether,或,if,,表示是否,人称,一随主,二随宾,三不变,【温馨提示,】,当主句谓语动词为,think,,,suppose,,,guess,believe,等词,主语为第一人称,从句表达否定意义时,形式上应否定主句。例如:,I dont think,that,he is right.,我认为他不对。,考点三 定语从句,一、基本构成,1.,定义:在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。,2.,句式:含有定语从句的复合句基本结构:先行词,+,关系词,+,定语从句。,二、关系代词的基本用法,作主语,作宾语,作定语,指人,who/that,who/whom/that/,省略,whose,指物,which/that,which/that/,省略,whose,Do you know the girl who/that has won the first prize in the singing competition?,你认识歌咏比赛中获得一等奖的那个女孩吗?,Many laugh-making stars whose master is Zhao Benshan,have become famous these years.,近年来很多师承赵本山的笑星成名了。,【温馨提示,】,1.,以下情况只用,that,:,(1),先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰,The Transformers,is the greatest movie,that,I have ever seen.,变形金钢,是我看过的最棒的一部电影。,The first gift,that,I got from Uncle Liu was a toy panda.,我从刘叔叔那里得到的第一件礼物是一只玩具熊猫。,(2),先行词前有,only,,,all,any,,,no,,,last,,,just,,,very,等词修饰,Miss Yu seems to be the only teacher,that,can help us now.,现在可以帮助我们的老师好像只有于老师了。,(3),先行词是,something,,,anything,,,nothing,,,everything,,,little,,,few,,,many,,,all,,,no,,,none,等,Is there anything,that,I can do for you?,我可以为你做点什么?,(4),先行词既有人又有物,I love the schools and teachers,that,give me happiness.,我喜爱给我带来欢乐的学校和老师。,2.,以下情况只用,who/whom:,(1),先行词是,anyone,anybody,one,ones,those,等,Anyone,who,breaks the law will be punished.,任何违法之人都将受到处罚。,(2),在,there be,结构中,先行词指人时,关系代词用,who,There are some boys,who,are playing basketball on the playground.,操场上有些男孩在打篮球。,3.,以下情况只用,which,:,(1),引导词前有介词且先行词指物,This is the house in,which,Im living.,这就是我住的房子。,(2),非限制性定语从句中,He bought a new computer,which,can work faster and better.,他买了台新电脑,这台电脑可以工作得更快更好。,三、关系副词的基本用法,用 法,例句,when,表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,其先行词是表示时间的名词(,year,,,season,,,day,等),I still remember the days,when,we worked together.,我仍然记得我们在一起工作的日子。,where,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,其先行词是表示地点的名词(,place,,,school,,,room,等),This is the school,where,we once studied.,这就是我们曾经学习过的学校。,why,表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词只有表示原因的,reason,一词,Can you tell me the reason,why,he hasnt come here?,你能告诉我他不来这儿的原因吗?,【巧学妙记,】,定语从句的用法,主句型,从句型,两种句子要完整。,从句紧跟先行词,关系词引导要弄清。,定人要用,who,或,whom,,定物,which,当先用。,关系代词用,that,,定人定物有本领。,when,用来定时间,,where,用来定地点。,关系代词作
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