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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Translation theories in the west,Translation theories in the we,1,According to,Steiner,(2019:248-9),the history of discourse on translation is divided into four periods:,(1)a traditional period,from the beginning of the Christian era to the end of the eighteenth century,which is a period of,immediate empirical focus,“,(2)a period of,theory and hermeneutic inquiry,growing out of German Romanticism around the beginning of the nineteenth century,According to Steiner(2019:2,2,(3),a,modern,period,reaching well into the twentieth century,in which the influence of General Linguistics is increasingly dominant,(4)the,contemporary period,a cultural turn to translation studies.,(3)a modern period,reachin,3,a traditional period,Over two millennia,only a few authors have succeeded in introducing anything fundamental or new.These creators and transformers include Saint Jerome,Luther,Dryden,Holderlin,Novalis,Schleiermacher,Nietzsche,Ezra Pound,(2019:283),a traditional periodOver two,4,Cicero(,西塞罗公元前 106-前43年,古罗马政治家、雄辩家),I saw that to employ the same expressions profited me nothing,while to employ others was a positive hindrance Afterwards I resolved to,translate freely,Greek speeches of the most eminent orators.As a consequence,I not only found myself using the best words,and yet quite familiar ones,but also coining by analogy certain words such as would be new to our people,provided only they were,appropriate,(Robinson 2019a:7).,Cicero(西塞罗公元前 106-前43年,古罗马政治,5,西塞罗主要观点,译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。,直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语最内层的东西，即意思。,翻译也是文学创作。,各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译可以做到风格对等。,提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即直译与意译。,西塞罗主要观点译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马语言习惯的,6,St.Jerome,He insisted on“the accurate transmission of the meaning of the text rather than the budding orators freely ranging imagination“.,He introduced the first major shift in western translation theory“.,Jerome maintained the major terms of source text and target text,original meaning and translated meaning,the concepts of literal and dynamic translation(word for word and sense for sense“).,Interpreting the original meaning correctly in order to reproduce it properly(,Gentzler,1993:95).,St.JeromeHe insisted on“the,7,哲罗姆（347-420）,翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活的原则。,应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者意译，后者直译。,正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。,哲罗姆（347-420）翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵,8,Martin Luther,Luthers aim is to keep communication with readers and listeners,but,the audience,for his new translation of the scriptures was composed not of scholars but plain speakers of vernacular German,the mother in her house,the children in the street,and the common man in the market(Robinson 2019a:25,modified).,wild,shaggy,rebellious,Martin LutherLuthers aim is t,9,马丁路德（1483-1546）,翻译必须采用人民的语言。,翻译必须注重语法和意思的联系。译者不能与语法背道而驰，但更应该注意意思的理解和表达。,翻译必须遵循意译七原则。,翻译必须集思广益。,马丁路德（1483-1546）翻译必须采用人民的语言。,10,John Dryden,In the Preface to his translation of,Ovids Epistles,(1680):,metaphraseturning an author word by word,and line by line,from one language into another“.,“paraphrase,or translation with latitudewhere the authors words are not so strictly followed but his sense”.,imitation,where the translator assumes the liberty,not only to vary from the words and the sense,but to forsake them both as he sees occasion,John DrydenIn the Preface to h,11,德莱顿（1631-1700）,翻译是艺术,翻译必须掌握原作特征,翻译必须考虑读者,译者必须绝对服从原作的意思，在译文的措词上可以有自由，意义上却毫无自由。,翻译可以借用外来词,翻译分三类：逐字译、,意译,、拟作,德莱顿（1631-1700）翻译是艺术,12,2.,German Romanticism,At the beginning of the nineteenth century,a more philosophical and less empirical,formation began to open within discourses on translation theory.,Philology provided a range of new and exotic texts and allowed the experts to produce translations aimed primarily at other experts,not the general public.,Romanticism exalted the translator as a creative genius in his own right,in touch with the genius of his original and enriching the literature and language into which he is translating(,Bassnett-McGuire,1980:65).,The stress on both the original author and the translator as being artists was not part of traditional discourse formations.,2.German RomanticismAt the be,13,Schlegel wrote that,in translating Homer,it was necessary to get away from the notion of literal precision so commonly associated with fidelity,because,truth,must be the translators highest,indeed virtually his only,mandate,Schlegel wrote that,in transl,14,Friedrich Schleiermachers On Different Methods of Translating-the major document of romantic translation theory,and one of the major documents of Western translation theory in general.,Schleiermacher distinguished between the interpreter(,Dolmetscher,)who works in the world of commerce,and the translator proper(,Ubersetzer,)who works in the fields of scholarship and art.,Friedrich Schleiermachers O,15,For the true translator,there are only two choices:to either(1)disturb the writer as little as possible and move the reader in his direction,or(2)disturb the reader as little as possible and move the writer in his direction,For the tru
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