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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第五章 国际海上货物运输与保险,司法考试要点:,第一节 国际海上货物运输,班轮运输班轮运输的概念、当事人、提单的概念及其法律特征、提单的种类、内容、提单在跟单信用证机制中的作用和存在的问题,调整班轮运输的国际公约海牙规章、维斯比规章、汉堡规章,租船合同航次租船合同、定期租船合同、光船租赁合同,其次节 国际货物运输保险,国际货物运输保险概述国际货物运输保险的根本原则、国际货物运输保险合同的订立、内容、变更、终止、委付与代位求偿,国际海洋货物运输保险条款我国海洋货物运输保险的主要险别、保险期限、除外责任、索赔时效、附加险别,第一节 国际海上货物运输,一、提单Bill of lading,一提单的定义和作用,提单是一种用于证明海上运输合同和货物已由承运人接收或装船,以及承运人保证凭以交付货物的单据。,1、提单是托运人与承运人之间订有运输合同的凭证;,2、提单是承运人从托运人处收到货物的凭证;倒签提单、预借提单的问题,3、提单是代表货物全部权的物权凭证。,A bill of lading is a document which serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier,and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrendering the same.(Article 71 of China Maritime Code),Characteristics of the Bills of Lading:,It is a receipt issued by or on behalf of the carrier whereby he acknowledges that he has shipped the goods or received them for shipment.,It evidence the terms of the contract of carriage which is normally concluded earlier.,It is a document of title.,二提单的种类,1、以货物是否装船已装船提单(shipped B/L)、收货待运提单(received for B/L),2、以提单上是否有批注清洁提单(clean B/L)、不清洁提单(claused B/L,foul B/L),(保函换取清洁提单的问题),3、以对收货人的记载不同记名提单(straight B/L)、不记名提单(bearer B/L)、指示提单(order B/L),三承运人和托运人的权利与义务,1、承运人的责任,最低限度的责任:,1在开航前和开航时克尽职责使船舶适航;,时间:开航前和开航时;,状态:船舶适于航行,船员的配备适当、,船舶的装备和供给适当、,适合货物的安全运送和保管,程度:克尽职责,To exercise due diligence to the ship seaworthy,before and at the beginning of the voyage:,seaworthiness:适航性,make the ship seaworthy.,properly man,equip and supply the ship,make the holds,refrigerating and cool chambers,and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried,fit and safe for their reception,carriage and preservation,(b)Due diligence慎重处理,(c)before and at the beginning of the voyage,2管货的义务,To exercise due diligence to properly and carefully loading装载,handling处理,stowing积载,carrying运输,keeping保管,caring for照料,and discharging 卸载the goods carried.,3运输的义务,2、责任期间:,舷到舷、钩到钩原则,from the time when the goods are loaded on 货物装上船to the time they are discharged from the ship 货物卸下船,3、承运人的责任豁免,1过失免责:,承运人对船长、船员、领航员或承运人的其他受雇人在驾驶或治理船舶中的过失;,Act,neglect,or default of the master,mariner,pilot,or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship.,Adler Vs.Dickson(the Himalaya)1954 2 Lloyds Rep.267,“喜马拉雅条款”源于1954年,Adler与Dickson理赔案。该案中,Adler太太为喜马拉雅轮上的旅客,因舷梯掉落,摔伤。由于客票上有运送人免责条款,Adler太太只得向船长Dickson先生及水手长提起诉讼。法院认为,虽然客送与货运一样,法律允许运送人将本身所享的免责条款以明文或默示的方式加以理解。但在本案中,该客票条款不管明文或默示,都不能表达受雇人、代理人可以享有运送人免责的权利,因此Dickson船长被判应负侵权责任。,本案判决后,“运送人免责条款应延长保障运送人之受雇人或代理人”的条文,从今列为载货证券条款之一,加以推广;此后的代理合约、托付合约成为习惯或通行做法。,责任限制和抗辩理由的适用范围,海牙规章未明确规定承运人的雇佣人或代理人是否也能享受责任限制的爱护。,维斯比规章的规定喜马拉雅条款,Article IVApplication of Defences and Limits of Liability1.The defences and limits of liability provided for in these Rules shall apply in any action against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to goods covered by a contract of carriage whether the action be founded in contract or in tort.2.If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier(such servant or agent not being an independent contractor),such servant or agent shall be entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under these Rules.,2无过失免责:,非承运人过失的火灾、不行抗力的自然力气、不行抗力的人为力气、托运人的缘由潜在缺陷、包装、标志等的缘由,非承运人及其代理人的缘由、其他缘由,4、托运人的责任,1保证义务;,2提交单证;,3通知义务;,4支付运费。,四关于提单运输的三个国际公约,1、海牙规章Hague Rules,1924年统一提单的假设干法律规章的国际公约,(International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading),特点:代表主要航运大国的利益,侧重对船东利益的爱护,2、维斯比规章Visby Rules,修改统一提单的假设干法律规章的国际公约的议定书,(Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading),简称海牙维斯比规章(Hague-Visby Rules),特点:,1提高了承运人的赔偿限额,规定了双重限额:,每件或每一单位10,000个金法郎(666.67个SDR)或毛重每公斤30个金法郎(2个SDR);,2索赔与诉讼时效:除1年时效外,期满后承运人仍可有3个月向第三者追偿,3增加了有关集装箱的规定,3、汉堡规章Hamburg Rules,联合国海上货物运输公约,United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea,特点:船方和货方合理分担风险的原则,适当加重了承运人的责任,使双方权利义务趋于公平。,1实行推定过失责任制;,2延长承运人的责任期间:从收货到交货,3提高赔偿限额:每件或每一单位835个SDR或毛重每公斤25个SDR,(4)延长诉讼时效:2年,二、租船合同,租船运输合同是指船舶出租人按肯定条件将船舶全部或局部出租给承租人进展货物运输的合同。,一航次租船合同(Voyage Charterparties),指为完成特定航次运输,由船舶出租人向承租人供给船舶或船舶的局部舱位,装运商定的货物,从一港运至另一港,由承租人支付商定运费的合同。,二定期租船合同(Time charterparties),指出租人在肯定期限内把配备船员的船舶出租给承租人供其按商定的用途使用的书面协议。,其次节 国际货物运输保险,一、国际货物运输保险合同,指进出口商对进出口货物依据肯定的险别向保险公司投保,交纳保险费,当货物在国际运输途中遇到风险时,由保险公司对进出口商患病保险事故造成货物的损失和产生的责任负责赔偿。,一合同的订立,二承保的风险,1、自然灾难(natural calamities),2、意外事故(fortuitous accidents),3、外来风险(extraneous risks),一般缘由、特殊缘由,三损失(Losses),1、全部损失(Total Loss):,1实际全损(Actual Total Loss)全部赔偿,2推定全损,(Constructive Total Loss),按实际全损索赔委付,按局部损失赔偿,abandonment,指在推定全损的状况下,被保险人把残存货物的全部权转让给保险公司,恳求取得全部保险金额的行为。,2、局部损失:,1共同海损General Average:指海上运输中,船舶、货物遭到共同危急,船方为了共同安全,有意和合理地作出特殊牺牲或支出的特殊费用。,对共同海损的牺牲和费用以及共同海损分摊都赐予赔偿。,2单独海损Particular Average:指货物因承保风险引起的不属于共同海损的局部损失。,能否得到赔偿取决于投保险别和保险条款的规定。,3单独费用(Particular Charges):指为防止货物患病承保风险造成的损失或灭失而支出的费用。,依据“诉讼与营救”条款得到赔偿。,“仓至仓条款”,启运地仓库,目的地仓库,四保险责任起讫,五被保险人的义务,最大诚信原则:,1、照实申报,2、准时提货,3、保全货物,4、通知,5、索赔,六索赔期限,两年,
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