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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,精选课件,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,二级,三级,四级,五级,精选课件,*,Unit two 英汉语言文化对比 (译论专题),合肥工业大学英汉翻译技巧,1,精选课件,Unit two 英汉语言文化对比 (译论专题)合肥,英汉语言对比,英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European Family),是一种拼音文字,单词没有四声,但句子可以有不同的声调;而汉语属于汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family),是一种表意文字,音节有四声变化,语调也很丰富;,1.三个人品字式坐下,随便谈了几句。(茅盾:子夜),The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.,In Chinese“品字式”is a vividly figurative expression indicating the sitting position of the three men.But due to the morphological differences between Chinese and English,we have to abandon the unique image when we transfer it into English.,2,精选课件,英汉语言对比英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European F,2.假使订婚戒指是落入圈套的象征,纽,扣,也是,扣,留不放的预兆。(围城),If the engagement ring were a symbol of the trap one had fallen into,button sewing was likewise an omen of being tied down.,In Chinese,“扣”is a homonym.If it is used as a noun,it means“a button”;if it is a verb,it refers to“chain,lock up,or bind up”.But due to the differences of two language systems,the humorous effect created by Chiens creative use of homonyms is lost.,3,精选课件,2.假使订婚戒指是落入圈套的象征,纽扣也是扣留不放的预兆。,英语是一种形合(hypotaxis)的语言,而汉语是一种意合(parataxis)的语言;形合的语言是指该语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义(格,数,时等)。所谓“意合”主要是靠句子内部逻辑联系。,She is doing her homework.她正在做作业。,She has done her homework.她已经做了作业。,She did her homework yesterday.她昨天做了作业。,著名汉语语言学家王力教授说过:“西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主”,“英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章往往化整为零。”,4,精选课件,英语是一种形合(hypotaxis)的语言,而汉语是一种意合,一 英汉句子结构差异,1.,严谨与简洁,英语的句子结构十分严谨,无论多长的句子也只有一个主句,一个从句或若干从句,一环套一环。主句与从句之间,从句与从句之间必须有连词,关系代词或关系副词联结。汉语则十分简洁。句子没有主句与从句之分,句子之间也不需要连词。句子可以没有动词,也可以没有名词,更不需要介词,但意义十分明确。所以,有人指出:“The English are proud of the preciseness of their language,while we Chinese are proud of the conciseness of our mother tongue.”,5,精选课件,一 英汉句子结构差异5精选课件,When a rat is seen running across the street,everyone calls“kill it”.,As long as the green mountains are there,one should not worry about firewood.,英语表达复杂思想时,往往是开门见山,然后借助英语特有词汇关系代词进行空间搭架,把各个子句有机地结合起来,构成一串葡萄似的句子。主干可能很短,上面却果实累累。,过街老鼠,人人喊打。,留得青山在,不怕没柴烧,6,精选课件,When a rat is seen running acr,The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,这是一个典型的英语句子。看起来似乎很长,实际上是个简单句。只有一个主语,一个谓语。全句共有9个名词,5个介词。,译成汉语:,由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。,7,精选课件,The isolation of the rural,2.,前重心与后重心,英语主句为主要部分,一般放在句首,即重心在前;而汉语一般按照逻辑和时间顺序,将主要部分放在句尾,即重心在后。,时间顺序:,Nothing has happened since we parted.自从我们别后未发生任何事情。,逻辑顺序:,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms,and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.,小国人民,只要,敢于奋起斗争,敢于拿起武器并将国家的命运掌握在自己 手中,就一定能击败大国的侵略。,8,精选课件,2.前重心与后重心小国人民只要敢于奋起斗争,敢于拿起武器并将,二 主语的对比,汉语句子习惯以,人,为主语,西方则强调客观,因此英语句常以,物或抽象观念,为主语。这反映了英汉语思维方式的差异,也是翻译的关键问题之一。,1.以抽象名词作主语,His passion carried him astray.他因激情而误入歧途。,Anger and bitterness preyed upon me for weeks.几星期来我感到又气愤又苦恼。,Memories of historic and happy occasion still linger.,在翻译此类英语句子时,要用相应的人作主语,才符合汉语的表达习惯。,9,精选课件,二 主语的对比在翻译此类英语句子时,要用相应的人作主语,才符,2.用“it”作主语,It never occurred to me that he was a dishonest man.,我从没想到他是一个不诚实的人。,It took him 50 minutes to get to the airport.,他花了五十分钟才到机场。,3.用时间作主语,Sunday morning found him still unwell.,The 1980s saw the long-term resolution of Hongkongs future in the successful conclusion of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.,八十年代中英联合声明的成功签订,使香港的前途问题得到了长远的解决。,10,精选课件,2.用“it”作主语八十年代中英联合声明的成功签订,使香港的,4.主语是为了说明原因,The quarrel,led to our breaking off our friendly relations.,我们的友好关系,因争吵,而破裂。,Shortage of suitable land,in the urban areas,has made it necessary to build most new public housing in the suburbs.,由于市区缺乏适合的土地,,大部分公共房屋必须在郊区兴建。,在翻译此类英语句子时,要将英语句中的主语翻译成合适的状语成分,这样才更符合汉语的表达习惯和逻辑。,11,精选课件,4.主语是为了说明原因在翻译此类英语句子时,要将英语句中的主,三英汉词汇差异,1.,名词,英汉语中都有名词,使用和翻译也相对比较简单。但是,英语中的名词有性,格,数的区别。如:waiter一词,若是多个服务员就要用waiters,若是女服务员则要用waitress.再如custom指“风俗,习惯”,而其复数customs则是“海关”。,2.,动词,英文中的动词形态很复杂,有人称,数,时态和语态的变化;而汉语中的动词则相对简单。英语中时态的不同在汉语中主要靠跟其后的助词(主要是“着,了,过”)来体现。如:,12,精选课件,三英汉词汇差异12精选课件,It rained yesterday.昨天下了场雨。,It is going to rain.要下雨了。,It is raining hard outside!外面正下大雨呢!,而被动语态主要靠“被,给,让,遭,为,由,挨,受”等词来帮助实现。有时甚至不用任何帮助手段就能表达被动含义。,The window was broken.窗户被砸碎了。,Measures have been taken.已经采取措施了。,Enough attention has been paid to that problem.那个问题已经引起了足够的重视。,13,精选课件,It rained yesterday.昨天下了场雨。13精,其次,英语动词有不定式,动名词,分词等多种非谓语动词形式;而汉语动词则没有这些变化。但在汉语中,一句话可以有一个以上的动词,英语中每句话只有一个谓语动词。,请看下列句子:,I want to go out for a walk.我想出去散散步。,Being a teacher,he should love his students.作为一名老师,他应该热爱自己的学生。,Given more money and time,he would succeed.如果有更多的钱和时间,他会成功的。,14,精选课件,其次,英语动词有不定式,动名词,分词等多种非谓语动词形式,3.,介词,汉语中的介词不多,而英语中则有大量的介词,使用和翻译都不容易,所以要重视和掌握介词的翻译技巧,练好基本功。,一般而言,英语中表示时间和地点的介词常可,以略去不译。,含有动作意味的介词通常转化为相应的动词。,They belong to him,for,his use,to,his purpose.,它们属于他,归他所用,服务于他的目的。,He proposed to establish a government,of,the people,by,the people,and,for,the people.,他主张建立一个民有,民治民享的政府。,15,精选课件,3.介词15精选课件,Carlisle Street runs westward,across,a great black bridge,down,a hill and,up,ag
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