英语语法导论

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,Introduction,Some women have a dislike of snakes.,Since,my coming here,life has become more comfortable.,I didnt expect it to be,this,full.,They are busy,preparing a,bbq,.,James is tall,and Alice is short.,语法,语言,法那么,Grammar is the structural system of a language.,语法grammar是语言的组织规律，是关于词性变化和组词成句的规那么。,语法结构的五个层次：,词素,词,词组,分句,句子,Paul is,one of the nicest schoolboys,I know.,名词词组,noun phrase,Paul,is one of the nicest schoolboys,I know.,介词词组,preposition phrase,Paul is one of,the nicest schoolboys,I know.,名词词组,Paul is one,of the nicest schoolboys,I know.,动词词组,verb phrase,Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys I know.,词 word：,Paul,one,schoolboys,I,is,know,of,the,nicest,A morpheme is the smallest unit in a language.A morpheme cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.词素指语言中最小的有意义的单位。词素不能再切分，否那么其意义就会改变或消失。,词素 morpheme,Paul,one,school,boy,-s,I,is,know,of,the,nice,-est,Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys I know.,自由词素 free morpheme,自由词素是能够作为一个词而独立存在的词素。,in,on,out,book home,mark,store,kind,heart,land,friend,sick,away,under,off,over,take,自由词素可以互相结合而形成另外的词。,book:bookmark,bookworm,bookstore,bookish,kind:kind-hearted,kindness,unkind,unkindness,home:homeland,homesick,homeless,friend:friendly,friendship,friendless,unfriendly,take:take-home,intake,undertake,takeaway,粘着词素 bound morpheme,粘着词素不能独立存在，必须黏附在其他词素上才能出现。,大多数的粘着词素是词缀affix。,英语的词缀可分为两类：,屈折词缀 inflectional affix,派生词缀 derivational affix),屈折词缀指词尾屈折变化：,表示名词复数的词缀-s,-es:,books,churches,表示名词属格的词缀-s：Chinas,ones,表示动词过去时和-ed分词的词缀-ed：died,(has)died,表示动词现在时和第三人称单数的词缀-s/-es：eats,teaches,表示动词-ing分词的词缀-ing：eating，teaching,表示形容词和副词比较级和最高级的词缀-er,-est：happier,happiest,faster,fastest,派生词缀指将词缀参加其他单词或词素以构成新词。派生词缀分为前缀prefix和后缀suffix。,前缀,anti-war,postwar,co-exist,internet,后缀,Marxist,movement,careless,carelessness,前后缀,unlucky,international,unfortunately,prehistorical,表示相同意义的词素在不同的环境中可由不同的变体或词素变体allomorph。词素变体可以表现在拼法上：,in-,inactive,insecure,inartistic,im-,immature,imperfect,impractical,il-,illegal,illogical,illegible,ir-,irrational,irregular,irrelevant,词是比词素更高一级的语法单位，由一个或两个以上的词素构成。,根据词的构成进行分类：,简单词，复合词，派生词,根据词的句法功能分类：,功能词function word,实意词content word,功能词又名结构词structural word或虚词empty word，指没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词。功能词数量有限，很少增生，所以又叫做“封闭类词 closed-class word。,助动词auxiliary verb,限定词 determiner,代词pronoun,介词 preposition,连词conjunction,感慨词interjection,实意词又叫内容词，是相对于功能词而言的，指本身有完整词汇意义的词。这一类词随着社会的开展而不断增生和扩大的，新词不断产生，旧词不断代谢，因此又叫做“开放类词(open-class word)。,名词noun,主动词main verb,形容词adjective,副词adverb,Word-formation,Affixation 词缀法,Composition 复合法,Conversion 转化法,Blending 拼缀法,Back-formation 逆生法,Shortening 缩略法,Acronyms 首字母缩略法,conversion,conversion,examples,Verbs to nouns,Adjectives to nouns,Answer,love,smell,daily(daily newspaper),Nouns to verbs,Adjectives to verbs,Bottle,dry,elbow,hand,calm,Nouns to adjectives,Cotton(a cotton dress),brick(a brick house),blending,Part+part,Motel,smog,telecast,heliport,brunch,Whole+part,Breathalyzer,newscast,workfare,Part+whole,Medicaid,medicare,medichair,mocamp,Back-formation,babysitter,editor,babysit,edit,shortening,ad,phone,exam,lab,prof,Advertisement,Telephone,Examination,Laboratory,Professor,acronyms,UFO,UN,FBI,CIA,VIP,MVP,NATO,unidentified flying object,the United Nations,Federal Bureau of Investigation,Central Intelligence Agency,very important person,most valuable person,the North Atlantic Treaty Organiztion,词组是按照一定规那么结合起来的一组词。,名词词组 noun phrase：,a,boy,the old,man,many interesting,stories,written for children,介词词组 prepositional phrase:,across,the country,before,liberation,in spite of,the fact that,形容词词组 adjective phrase,very,bright,extremely,sorry,very much,happier,than before,副词词组 adverb phrase,very,carefully,fairly,well,pretty,soon,动词词组 verb phrase,killed,a tiger,is gonging,abroad,having told,me what to do,to take,the examination,分句是由词组构成的主谓结构，能说明一种情况，表达一种思想。在语言使用中，分句是可以单独存在的，单独出现的分句就是简单句simple sentence)。,Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys I know.,句 sentence,Paul is one of the nicest schoolboys,主要分句 main clause,附属分句 subordinate clause,I know.,subject,Coming before a main verb and represents the person or thing that performs the action of the verb,or about which sth is stated.,predicate,The part of a sentence that makes a statement about the subject.,Elements of a clause,Subject,Adverbial,Complement,Object,Verb,Subordinate clauses,Nominal clauses 名词性分句,Relative clauses 关系分句,Adverbial clauses 状语分句,句子是最高一级的语法单位，是由一个或多个分句构成的。,简单句,单部简单句 one member simple sentence,即不完全句，用它来表现语言精练。在单部简单句中，只有一个成分，既是主语又是谓语。,Night.,Oh,big city!,按构成方式进行分类：,双部简单句 two-member simple sentence 即完全句，包括“主语谓语这样两大主要成分。,Everybody laughed.,Time is money.,She studies English.,She gave me a book.,并列句compound sentence)指由两个或两个以上分句通过并列连词互相连接构成的句子。,The old man was dying,and he knew it.,复杂句complex sentence)是指构成句子的各个分句之间不是一种并列关系，而是一种主从关系，即一个分句是另一个分句的组成局部。,Just as he was about to drop out of school,Vadim changed his mind.,并列复杂句compound-complex sentence)指由两个或两个以上的分句，其中带有主从结构并由并列连词连接起来构成的句子。,I heard that the weatherman said it was going to rain,but I still insist that w