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十六、并列句和复合句,(,一,),并列句,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫作并列句。常见分类:,1.,表示同等、平行或承接关系,常用连词,and,bothand,,,not onlybut also,,,neithernor.,,,as well as,等。,2.,表示转折关系,常用连词,but,,,yet(,然而,),however(,然而,),while(,而,),等。,3.,表示选择关系,常见连词,or,,,notbut(,不是,而是,),either or(,要么,要么,),等。,4.,表示因果关系,常见连词,as,,,for(,因为,),so,等。,(二)复合句,由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫作复合句。从句要由关联词引导。初中英语教材主要涉及的复合句有状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句。,1.,状语从句,状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用,修饰主句中的谓语、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同,状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等。,分 类,引导词,例 句,时间,状语,从句,表示时间的状语从句可由,when,as,while,whenever,after,before,until,since,as soon as,by the time,等引导,Please call me,when you need some help,.,当你需要帮助的时候,请给我打电话。,地点,状语,从句,表示地点的状语从句常由,where,wherever,引导,Where there is a will,there is a way.,有志者,事竟成。,(1),状语从句的分类,条件状,语从句,条件状语从句是表示条件的从句,引导这类从句的最常用的连词是,if,unless,If it rains tomorrow,I will,stay at home.,如果明天下,雨,我将呆在家里。,原因,状语,从句,原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的从句,最常用的连词是,because,since,as,等,Since it is raining,I will not,go out.,因为天在下雨,我将,不出去了。,目的状,语从句,目的状语从句是表示目的的从句,引导这类从句最常用的连词是,so that,in order that,等,She got up early,so that she,could catch the early bus,.,她,起床早为了能赶上早班车。,结果状,语从句,结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。由,so that,,,such that,等引导,He was,so excited that he could say nothing,.,他那么兴奋,以至于什么也说不出来。,让步状,语从句,让步状语从句可由,although,though,even if(though),等引导,Though he is a child,he,knows a lot.,虽然他是一个孩子,但是他知道很多。,方式状,语从句,方式状语从句常由,as,as if,as though,等引导,You must do the exercise,as,I teach you,.,你必须按我教你,的做这练习。,比较状,语从句,比较状语从句常用,than,so(as)as,等引导,I have made more mistakes,than you have,.,我犯的错误比你犯的错误多。,(2),使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题,在时间状语从句中,要根据连词所表示的不同意义来推断主、从句的谓语动词的时态。如果主句是祈使句或叙述还未发生的动作,从句须用一般现在时表示动作将要发生。例如:,I wont leave,until you come back,.,直到你回来我再离开。,在条件状语从句中,若主句是将来时,从句多用一般现在时。例如:,You wont pass the exam,unless you work hard,.,除非你努力学习,否则你通不过考试。,2.,宾语从句,(1),宾语从句的概念,在复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。例如:,I dont know where your sister is.,我不知道你的妹妹在哪里。,(2),宾语从句的连接词,连接宾语从句的连接词分为从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。,连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有,that,,,if,,,whether,。,that,引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而,if,和,whether,引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。,He told me that he would go to the college the next year.,他告诉我他下一年上大学。,I dont know if there will be a bus any more.,我不知道是否还会有公交车。,Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.,没人知道他是否会通过考试。,连接代词主要有,who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever,等。连接代词一般指疑问,但,what,,,whatever,除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述。,Do you know who has won Red Alert game?,你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗,?,I dont know whom you should depend on.,我不知道你该依靠谁。,The book will show you what the best CEOs know.,这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么。,Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Nokia or Motorola,cellphone,?,你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的手机了吗,?,连接副词主要有,when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however,等。,He didnt tell me when we should meet again.,他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。,None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.,没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。,(3),宾语从句的语序,宾语从句应该用陈述语序,尤其要注意,if,,,whether,wh,-,疑问词引导的宾语从句的语序,即按照主语、谓语的语序。,She wants to know whether I like the film.,她想知道我是否喜欢那部电影。,Do you know why winter is colder than summer?,你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗?,从句中的否定转移,当主句的谓语动词是,think,,,believe,,,guess,,,suppose,等表示,“认为、相信、期望、猜想等意思,主句的主语是第一人称,,且时态为一般现在时时,从句的否定一般要转移的主句上来。,其反意疑问句与宾语从句一致。例如:,I think Tom is a clever student.,我认为汤姆是一个聪明的学生。,I dont think Tom is a clever student.,我认为汤姆不是一个聪明,的学生。,(4),宾语从句的时态,当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响。,I know he will buy a new house tomorrow.,我知道他明天将买新房子。,I remember he played basketball on the playground yesterday.,我记得他昨天在操场上打篮球。,当主句为过去时的时候,A.,从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生。,I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.,我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家。,He asked me if I was reading the story,The Old Man and the Sea,when he was in.,他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读,老人与海,。,B.,从句用过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。,He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.,他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了,Mary,。,C.,从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后。,My son asked me if I would leave for Beijing the next day.,我的儿子问我是否将离开去北京。,如果从句是一个客观真理的时候,那么从句不根据主句的时态而变化。,The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.,老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转。,3.,定语从句,(1),定语从句的概念:,在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。,The man who lives next to us is a policeman.,住在我们隔壁的那个人是一名警察。,被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后,面。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联,系作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分。,(2),引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词,在定语从句中最常用的关系代词有,that,which,who(whom),。关系代词在定语从句中起了两个作用。它们既可以像别的代词一样可以代表一个名词,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,同时它们又起到了连接作用,把主句和从句连接起来。例如:,I have a sister who is twelve years old.,我有一个十二岁的妹妹。,各关系代词的具体用法:,that,的用法:,that,指人或物在定语从句中主要作主语和宾语。作宾语时可,以省略。作介词的宾语时,介词不可以提到,that,之前,若提,前,介词后需要用,which,或,whom,等代替。例如:,I like apples that(which)are from,Yantai,.,(作主语),我喜欢来自烟台的苹果。,The picture that we are looking at was drawn by my sister.,(作宾语)我们正在看的那幅画是我的妹妹画的。,用,that,而不用,which,的情况,a.,先行词为,all,,,much,,,little,,,something,,,anything,,,everything,,,nothing,等不定代词时。,I will do everything I can to help you.,我将做我能做的一切事情来帮助你。,b.,先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。,This is the most important task that we should be finished,soon.,这是我们必须马上完成的最重要的任务。,c.,先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时。,You are the first men that like the book.,你们是第一批喜欢这本书的人。,d.,先行词中既有人又有物时。,We were deeply impressed by t
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