Unit-8-Word-Stress

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit,8 Stressed Syllables&Unstressed Syllables,Word Stress,English is a stress timed language,The English language is often referred to as stress-timed.Stress in a spoken sentence occurs at regular intervals and the time to say something depends on the number of stressed syllables rather than the number of syllables itself.,1 2 3 4,1 and 2 and 3 and 4,1 and a 2 and a 3 and a 4,1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4,Word Stress,A word stress means a prominent syllable,word,pattern,tea,.cher,.,beau,.ti.ful,.,un.der.,stand,.,con.,ti,.nue,.,How to pronounce word stress?,When a syllable is stressed,it is pronounced,longer in duration,higher in pitch,louder in volume,How do you say,teacher,?,Longer,teeeeeeeeeeee,cher,Higher,tea,cher,Louder,TEA,cher,All three combined,TEEEEEEEEEEE,cher,重读音节和非重读音节,影响英语词重音定位的因素,（,1,）是简单词还是复杂词。前者是指不带词缀的词，如,little,；后者指带有词缀的派生词，如,joyous,。,（,2,）最后三个音节中的元音是紧音还是松音。“紧”与“松”是语音的一对区别性特征。“紧音”表示语音持续不断的时间较长；“松音”表示语音持续不断的时间较短。就英语元音来说，长元音,İ:,u,和双元音,i,i,i,i,u,u,u,是紧音；短元音,i u e,是松音；,（,3,）是什么词类。,Word Stress Rule(,词的重读规则,),1.,双音节词的重音多数落在第一音节上,teacher tractor hobby,fancy other happy,2.,具有前缀的双音节词（以及三音节词）重音落在前缀的后一个音节上。,a-a sleep,af,fect,ac,complish,ab,-,ac-,ad-,等同此,be-be gin be fore be,lieve,com-com,plete,com,bine,com,panion,con-con,sist,con,，,ceive,contribute,de-de,mand,de rive de,velop,dis,-,discuss,display,discover,em,-,employ,embark,embody,en-,enjoy,enclose,enlarge,es,-,escape,establish,esteen,ex-,excess,exclude,excite,im,-,impair,imply,immodest,in-,include,increase,indeed,mis,-,mistake,mislead,misplace,ob-,obscene,obtain,observe,per-,permit,persist,perform,pre-,present,prepare,pretend,pro-,proceed,proclaim,propose,trans-,translate,transcribe,transport,注意：以上只是一般的规律，有些词在词性发生变化时，读音也会变化。如,present(n.),3.,三音节和三音节以上的多音节词，重音在多数情况下落在倒数第三个音节上。,foreigner family specialty,geometry,philosophy,democracy,te/le/com/mu/ni/ca/tion,democratic,4.,含有下列词尾的单词，重音往往落在最后一个音节上。,-,ain,entertain,-,ee,refugee,employee,-,eer,pioneer,-,esque,grotesque,古怪的，怪诞的,-,oon,balloon,5.,含有下列词尾的词，重音通常落在倒数第二个音节上。,-,ial,industrial,-,ian,musician,-,ic,systematic,climatic,-,ics,phonetics,mathematics,-ion,opinion,companion,perfection,-,ious,delicious,injurious,-,eous,courageous,-,uous,continuous,-,ient,sufficient,-,ience,experience,单词加上后缀,-able,重音保持不变。,Rely,reliabel,Depend,dependable,Adapt,adaptable,Detest detestable,6.,三音节和三音节以上的词，除了主重音外，往往还有一个次重音。次重音的位置通常在第一个或第二个音节上，与主重音间隔一个轻读音节。,preposition,pro,nunciation,recommend,e,xamination,7.,由两个成分组成的复合词，多数是第一个成分重读。,blackboard newspaper downtown,world-wide broadcast anywhere,everything downstairs whitewash,如两词在意义上联系紧密，产生一个新的意义时，第一个词保留重音，第二个词则失去重音，称为非并列重音。例如：,a greenhouse,（温室）原意是“绿房”两词各有自己的重音，即,green house,，后产生新义“暖房，温室”，,house,失去重音。又如：,blackboard,（黑板），原意为“黑色的木板”，两词均须重读。后产生新义：（在教室里使用的）“黑板“。,Board,失去重音。,8.,在少量的复合词中第二个成分重读。,however,myself,forever,ourselves,without,withdraw,a.For compound nouns,the stress is on the first,part.e.g,.,blackbird,greenhouse,b.For compound verbs,the stress is on the second,part.e.g,.to,under,stand,to,over,flow,c.For compound adjectives,the stress is on the second part,e.g.bad-,tempered old-,fashioned,d.For compound adverbs,the stress is on the second,part.,e.g,.head-first,North-East,9.,部分复合词有双重音，在说话时如后面跟重读音节，则第一个音节更重些；如后面跟轻读音节，则第二个音节更重些。,Chinese,thirteen,hand-made,Berlin,Beijing,good-looking ,unknown,overwork,ill-tempered absent-minded,做定语的复合词重音：,并列重音的复合词用做定语时，该词的第二部分失去重音。例如：,a light-blue shirt,（淡兰色衬衣），,a full-length portrait,（全身画像），,pig-skin gloves,（猪皮手套），,a brand-new car(,一辆崭新的小汽车,),Word Stress Rule,Word type,Where is the stress?,Examples,Two syllables,Nouns,on the first syllable,cen,ter,ob,ject,flow,er,Verbs,on the last syllable,re,lease,ad,mit,ar,range,Compound,Nouns(N+N)(Adj.+N),on the first part,desk,top,pen,cil case,book,shelf,green,house,Adjectives(Adj.+P.P.),on the last part(the verb part),well,-meant,hard,-headed,old,-fashioned,Verbs(prep.+verb),under,stand,over,look,outper,form,Word type,Where is the stress?,Examples,Phrasal Verbs,on the particle,turn,off,buckle,up,hand,out,Word with added ending,-,ic,the syllable before the ending,（,词重音总是落在该词缀前一个音节上。）,eco,no,mic,Geo,me,tric,e,lec,trical,-,tion,-,cian,-,sion,Tech,ni,cian,gradu,a,tion,co,he,sion,-,phy,-,gy,-try,-cy,-,fy,-al,the third from the last syllable,Pho,to,graphy,bi,o,logy,ge,o,metry,-meter,Pa,ra,meter,Ther,mo,meter,ba,ro,meter,简单名词的重音定位规则,（,1,）如果最后三个音节的元音都是松音，那么重音就落在倒数第三音节上。例如：,America,，,asparagus,，,asterisk,，,venison,（,2,）如果最后音节的元音是松音，倒数第二音节的元音是紧音，那么重音就落在这个紧音上即落在倒数第二音节上。例如：,aroma,，,horizon,，,thrombosis,（,3,）如果最后音节的元音是松音，倒数第二音节元音后跟有两个辅音，那么重音就落在倒数第二音节的松元音上。例如：,agenda,，,placenta,，,synopsis,，,veranda,简单动词的重音定位规则,（,1,）最后音节和倒数第二音节的元音都是松音，那么重音就落在倒数第二音节上。例如：,astonish,，,cancel,，,consider,，,elicit,，,embarrass,.,（,2,）如果最后音节的元音是紧音，那么重音就落在这个紧元音上即落在最后音节上。例如：,devote,，,erase,，,maintain,.,（,3,）如果最后音节的元音是松音，其后又跟着两个辅音，那么重音就落在最后这个音节上。例如：,adapt,，,collapse,，,elect,，,defend,简单形容词的重音定位规则,简单形容词的重音定位规则与简单动词的重音定位规则完全相同,（,1,）,common,，,frantic,，,handsome,，,solid,，,vulgar,；（,2,）,extreme,，,inane,，,o