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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,How to Write an,Abstract,I.,Definition of abstract,II.Function of abstract,III.Contents of abstract,IV.Suggestions for abstract,writing,V.Keywords writing,contents,I.,What is an abstract?,Abstract is a short description of the entire paper that appears right at the beginning of the body part and it is often regarded as the most important component in a research paper.,II.What is the function of an abstract?,An abstract is used by potential readers,（,潜在读者）,to determine its relevance to their interest and finally to decide whether or not he/she needs to read the entire paper.,III.Contents of abstract,Topic specification,主题说明,Background information,背景信息,Purpose statement,目的陈述,Methodology and data,方法与数据,Results/findings,研究结果,Implication/Conclusion,结论,The 3 Key Elements in an Abstract,A.The statement of,purpose,about your research;,B.The,method,of your research;,C.The,conclusion,of your research,.,STRUCTURE of Abstract,Classification of abstracts,Structure of an informative abstract,Features of an abstract,Classification of abstracts,informative abstract-the primary research objective or purpose-method employed in solving the problems-principal findings or results-major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper,descriptive abstractoutlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.,Structure of an informative abstract,Background,why do you want to do the research?,Research question,what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?,Method,how(what material,what method,and what procedures)do you get answers to your research question?,Results,what is your answer to the question?,Conclusions,what implications does the answer imply?,Features of an abstract,Concis,e write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible.,Objective,states objectively the main points of the paper.,Consistent,be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper,and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper.,Complete,cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper.,Brief,conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.,Useful EXPRESSIONS,To DEFINE the background and argument of the present study,Although(the research subject),(the related problem)is as yet undetermined.,(The research subject),however,(the related problem)remains unsolved.,(Previous studies)have examined,(the related problem)is that,despite,(Problems in certain research area)are,yet(the present solution)has frequently been questioned because,This paper describes/presents(the argument)within(a theoretical context),While(the debate on certain research subject)seems to,(the present agreement)is still problematic.,To STATE the purpose of the present study,This paper advances the view that,The article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/proposes/holds that/,The purpose/intention of this paper is,The primary goal/aim of this research is,The overall objective of this study is,In this paper/study,we aim at,The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on,This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate,The author intends/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of,To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues,from the angle of,in the light of the context that,To view something at a different angle/from various angles,From the point of view of,From the perspective of,To INTRODUCE the main participants or materials,The present study has investigated by using/analyzing(participants/materials),In this study,we inquired/examined/evaluated(participants/materials),The experiments/investigations of the present study involved(participants/materials),To DESCRIBE research method and procedures,Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using.,Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of,The technique the author adopted is referred to as,The experiments consisted of four steps,which are described in,The method/approach used in the present study is,The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting,The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as,The experiment/study consisted of the following steps:,Included in the experiment were,Based on the idea that,we conducted the present study,categorized,and evaluated,To PRESENT results,findings and conclusion,The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that;it is also found that,The results are as follows:,The analysis of the samples indicates that.,The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by,It is concluded that.;the results also imply the further study into,The investigation/experiment varied by and the results also revealed that,These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that,IV.Suggestions for abstract writi
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