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按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,International Issues,*,問題,印度的,IT,產業發達、人工便宜,泰國自排機車無人問津,東南亞設廠便宜，然而人工素質較低,大和燒肉捲、板烤米香堡,產品差異化與製程設計問題,Wal-Mart,的搬運設備與巴西的標準棧板不相容,跨國的關稅,、滙率、貿易保護、基礎建設、文化,1,International Issues,Increasing Globalization,1/5ofoutput of US firms produced abroad,USCompanieshold$500 Billioninforeignassetstocks(7%annualgrowth),1/4ofUSimportsbetween foreignaffiliatesandUSparent companies,Over halfofUScompanies increasedthenumber of countriesinwhichthey operate(late80,stoearly90s),2,International Issues,TaxonomyofInternational SupplyChains,International distribution,製造在,本,本國，,配,配銷與,相,相關行,銷,銷活動,在,在海外,International suppliers,原料及,零,零件的,供,供應來,自,自國外,供,供應商,，,，最後,的,的裝配,在,在本國,進,進行,Offshoremanufacturing,產品在,同,同一地,區,區搜源,與,與製造,，,，最後,運,運回國,內,內的倉,庫,庫銷售,及,及配銷,Fullyintegrated globalsupplychain,3,International Issues,ForcesDrivingGlobalization(Dornieretc),GlobalMarketForces,TechnologicalForces,GlobalCostForces,Politicaland EconomicForces,4,International Issues,Peoplehave,“,“all becomeglobalcitizens,andsomust thecompaniesthat wanttosellusthings,”,”(Kenichi Ohmae),5,International Issues,GlobalMarket Forces,Foreign competitioninlocalmarkets,為了成,功,功防衛,本,本國市,場,場，公,司,司會發,現,現必須,要,要進入,國,國外市,場,場,Acer,為歐洲,NB,第一品,牌,牌,Growthinforeign demand,Globalpresenceasadefensivetool,Nestle,sandKelloggs,Presenceinstate-of-the-art markets,Japan-consumerelectronics,Germany-machinetools,US:software,6,International Issues,Technological Forces,Diffusionofknowledge,Manyhigh techcomponentsdevelopedoverseas,Need close relationshipswithforeign suppliers,Technologysharing/collaborations,Accesstotechnology/markets,GloballocationofR&Dfacilities,Closetoproduction(ascyclesgetshorter),Closetoexpertise(Indianprogrammers?),7,InternationalIssues,GlobalCostForces,Lowlaborcost,Diminishingimportance(Costsunderestimated,benefitsoverestimated),Othercostpriorities,Integratedsupplierinfrastructure(assuppliersbecomemoreinvolvedindesign),Skilledlabor,Capitalintensivefacilities,taxbreaks,jointventures,pricebreaks,costsharing,8,InternationalIssues,PoliticalandEconomicForces,1,Exchangeratefluctuationsandoperatingflexibility,Regionaltradeagreements(Europe,NorthAmerica,PacificRim),Valueofbeinginacountryinoneoftheseregions,Implicationsforsupplynetworkdesign,Reevaluationofforeignfacilities(Productionprocessesdesignedtoavoidtariffs),9,InternationalIssues,PoliticalandEconomicForces,2,Tradeprotectionmechanisms,Tariffs,全球,最,最超,值,值的,汽,汽車,MiniCooper.,在台,灣,灣只,能,能算,有,有點,超,超值,Quotas,Voluntaryexportrestrictions,JapaneseautomakersinUS,Localcontentrequirements,TI/IntelfactoriesinEurope,JapaneseautomakersintheEU,Governmentprocurementpolicies,Upto50%advantageforAmericancompaniesonUSDefensecontracts,10,InternationalIssues,Risksofinternationalsupplychains,ExchangeRates,OperatingExposure,Foreigncompaniescanenterdomesticmarkets.,11,InternationalIssues,ExchangeRates,匯率的波,動,動會,改,改變,產,產品,在,在某,一,一特,定,定國,家,家中,生,生產,的,的相對,價,價值,OperatingExposure,Resultoftranslatingforeignfinancialstatementsintothecurrencyoftheparentcompany,Financialinstrumentsusedtohedgethese,12,InternationalIssues,OperatingExposure,Changesafirm,scompetitivepositionandfuturecashflows,Intheshortrun,changesincurrencyratesdontnecessarilyreflectchangesininflationrates,Regionaloperationsbecomerelativelymoreorlessexpensive,13,InternationalIssues,案例,歐洲,進,進口,之,之商,品,品年,年,年調,漲,漲vs.,美,美,國,國進,口,口商,品,品,價,價格,差,差異,不,不大,14,InternationalIssues,EffectFactorsofOperatingExposure(Dornieretal),Customerreactions,Competitorreactions,marketshare,profit,Supplierreactions,Governmentreaction,15,InternationalIssues,問題,討,討論,mini cooper 2000,年售價：,92,萬,2008,年售價,：,136,萬,義大利進口磨豆,機,機,2000,年售價,：,20000,2008,年售價,：,23100,NB,鍵盤,5,月漲價,1015%,16,InternationalIssues,Operational StrategiesToAddressTheseRisks(BruceKogut),Speculative Strategy,Bet onasinglescenario,Japanese automanufacturingin Japan,HedgedStrategy,Lossesin onearea offset bygainsin another,VW in US,Brazil,Mexico,Germany,China,Flexible Strategy,17,InternationalIssues,Flexibility Strategies,Flexibility totake advantages of operational exposure,Requires aflexible supply chain,multiple suppliers,flexible facilities,excesscapacity,variousdistributionchannels,18,InternationalIssues,Problemof Flexibility Strategies,Can beexpensive to implement,coordination mechanisms,capitalinvestments,loss ofeconomies ofscale,19,InternationalIssues,Approaches toImplementFlexible Strategieseffectively,Production/sourcing shifts,Information sharing,globalcoordination,political leverage,20,InternationalIssues,globalcoordination,案例,當Michelin計畫進入北,美,美市場時，Goodyear在,歐,歐洲調降其輪胎,售,售價，此行動迫,使,使Michelin減緩其海外,投,投資計畫,21,InternationalIssues,Requirements for global strategy implementation,five basic functionsof firms,1,產品開發,Designproducts thatcan bemodified easilyformajor markets.,例如,，,可負載,110240V,電壓的電熱爐,採購,Ensurethat thequalityanddeliveryoptionsfrom varioussuppliers arecompatible,Comparethepricingof various suppliers,Sufficient suppliersindifferent regionsare athand,22,InternationalIssues,Requirements for global strategy implementation,five basic functi
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