阅读技巧（3）

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,确定作者的观点和态度,TIPS,Put yourself in the writers shoes!,考查理解作者的观点和态度的测试题,This article is particularly written for _.,When the writer says he really means _.,The authors attitude to is that _.,What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage?,What is the tone of the writer/passage?,The writers purpose in writing this story is _.,确定作者的意图,一旦你理解了文章的结构，你会更清楚的理解作者的意图。文章的结构会受到作者意图的影响。作者的意图可能是告知或者劝说，他会根据他的意图来为文章选择一种结构或风格。作者也可能在一篇文章中体现两种意图,告知和劝说，在这种情况下最好确定那种意图是作者的主要意图。,评价作者的态度,作者在文章中所表现的态度并不一定是中立的或者客观的，尤其是在他们试图说服读者同意他们的意见时。理解作者的态度和文章的主旨或者提供的信息之间的关系就显得尤为重要。这是因为，作者的态度会影响文章中信息的表达方式。你应该着眼于确定作者态度的方法，以及评价作者态度是保持中立还是带有偏见。,neutral,中立的,positive,肯定的，积极的,optimistic,negative,否定的，消极的,pessimistic,objective,客观的,subjective,主观的,critical,批评的,praiseful,赞扬的,favorable,赞成的,ironic,讽刺的,doubtful,怀疑的,sympathetic,同情的,pitiful,如何领会作者的观点。一般说来，通读全文，掌握主题思想和主要事实，这样我们能判断出作者的观点。作者在陈述自己的观点时，有时直截了当，但更多的时候作者借用别人的观点来表明自己的立场和态度。有时作者先介绍某一观点，但通过“,yet”,，“,however”,，“,but”,等转折词来提出与前面相反的观点，表明自己的态度。因此，我们在确定作者观点时，必须将上下文联系起来分析，记住文章中有时作者所陈述的内容并非代表作者的观点。,Prof.Bakers publish has stated that this new book will soon,take the place of,all the old standard works in this field:in view,however,of both the style and content of Prof.Bakers book,I find this claim most difficult to accept.,What is the writers attitude towards Prof.Bakers book?,A.Positive B.Praiseful,C.Negative D.Ironic,When I first opened the package containing a copy of Prof.Bakers,latest,book and read its title.I must admit I felt a sudden,sinking of the heart,yet once I had gathered courage to begin my reading.I found the work so far beyond my wildest hopes that I missed the supper rather than put the book down unfinished.,What is the writers attitude towards Prof.Bakers book?,A.Doubtful B.Praiseful,C.Negative D.ironic,辨别文章的笔调，推断作者的态度。有效阅读要求我们能够运用多种技巧，包括识别文章的笔调。笔调在文章中能提示作者的感情、态度和立场观点。“,the tone of voice”,这一概念我们都非常熟悉。要表示对一件事情的愤怒、厌倦、高兴等不同情感，我们在说话时只要改变一下语调就可以。例如：,I am really glad you called right now,even though I was in the shower.,在阅读中，我们只能通过辨别文章的笔调，来了解作者的感情和态度。作者在表露自己感情和态度时，注意选词造句，注意表达思想的不同方法，从字面直接陈述中，流露出他的感情和态度。,辨认语气及含义。,领会语气，识别反语，辨认讽刺,是阅读能力上水平的体现。它们在阅读中体现了作者对主题、人物甚至是作者本人的态度，从作者所写的文字中我们常可以推断出隐含的，甚至与字面意义完全相反的意思来。例如：当你的朋友与你约会再次迟到时，你对他说：“,Well,Im glad youre on times as usual.,你真的高兴吗？你不是委婉地批评他老是迟到吗？,“,slim”,，“,delicate”,，“,skinny”,及“,emaciated”,这几个英语单词，如果无法区分这些词的细微含义，那么，这些单词的词义仅仅是“,thin”,，,而不再有其他的意思。阅读理解强的读者，能根据语篇提供的线索把这些词义理解到位，真正理解作者的思想意图。“,slim”,意思是“瘦”,(thin),的意思，属于褒义词，相当于汉语的“苗条”。“,delicate”,用在“,a small delicate person”,这样的短语中有“娇嫩小巧”之意，相当于汉语的“娇弱”“娇柔”的意思。“,skinny”,指“非常瘦”,(very thin),，,有贬义之意，指瘦的难看或皮包骨头的人。“,emaciated”,意为由于疾病、饥饿而“消瘦”“衰弱”，属于病态的“瘦弱”。,作者态度题的解题技巧*不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度*当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度*作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联,作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。如：,Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news,？,All I read about is murder,bribery(,行贿,),，,and death.Frankly,，,Im sick of all this bad news.,This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _.,A.complain B.apologize C.amuse D.inform,解析：作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪（对坏新闻厌恶透了），故应选,A,。,With a touch of a button,television brings the world into the home of modern man.Through the miracle of television,man can be informed about events in far-off countries.He can be entertained by humorous comedies,or he can be moved by stirring dramas.Television broadens the mind and enriches the lives of people everywhere.,The write thinks that television is _.,A.a great invention B.a bad thing,C.a great surprise D.of no use,If I had to select a word that best describes the majority of American parents,that word would be GUILTY-RIDDEN(,内疚的,).How sad it is to see parents become the willing victims(,受害者,)of the“give me game”,only to discover that no matter what they do,it isnt enough.In the end,they are blamed when their spoiled children get into trouble.With this in mind,I shall first answer the question:“What do parents owe their children?”and I shall start with what they dont owe them.,The authors attitude towards the parents is_,angry B.pitiful,C.disappointedD.satisfied,The question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men,who say that,since women have claimed equality,they no longer should be treated with courtesy(,礼貌,)and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rush hour like anyone else.Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men.Even if it is not agreed,however,that young men should stand up for younger women,the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old,the sick and the disabled.Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sit there calmly reading the paper or a book,saying to ourselves“First come,first served”,while a grey-haired woman,a mother with a young child stands?Yet this is all too often seen.,What is the writers opinion concerning courteous manners towards women?,A.,Now that women