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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Class 4.Values,Attitudes and Job Satisfaction,4.1 Values,1.Concepts,Basic convictions that aspecific mode of conduct orend-state of existenceis personally orsocially preferabletoan oppositeor conversemodeofconductor end-stateofexistence,Importance:,1.Layingfoundationforattitudes,motivation via influencing perceptions;2.Individuals are not valuefree,standardof behavior;aligning with the organizations policy,Value system,:A hierarchybased ona ranking of anindividuals valuesinterms oftheir intensity,2.Sources of,Value system,result of genetic component&learning,Biological parents.A significant portion isgeneticallydetermined;Studiesoftwins rearedapart demonstrate that40%of the variationinworkvalues;themajorityisdueto environment,Inearlyyears.Asignificantportion is established fromparents,teachers,friends andothers,societalvalues(culture).Learningand education,relatively stableandenduring.Absolute learning combined withgeneticimprinting assuring,3.Types of values,(1)Allport,Theoretical:thediscovery of truth thougha critical andrationalapproach,Economic:the usefulandpractical,Aesthetic:Form and harmony,Social:the love of people,Political:Acquisition ofpowerand influence,Religious:The unity of experience&understanding ofthe cosmos asa whole,3.Typesof values,(2)Roceach values survey(RVS),Terminal:Desirable end-states of existence;thegoals to pursue during oneslifetime,comfortable(exciting)life,sense ofaccomplishment,worldof peace(beauty),equality,family(nation)security,freedom,happiness,inner harmony,mature love,pleasure,salvation,self-respect,social recognition,true friendship,wisdom.,Instrumental:preferable modes of behavioror means of achievingonesterminal values,ambitious,broad-minded,capable,cheerful,clean,honest,courageous,forgiving,helpful,imaginative,independent,intellectual,logical,loving,obedient,polite,responsible,self-control,3.Typesof values,(2)Roceach values survey(RVS),Mean value rankings of Executive,Self-resect,Family-se,freedom,sense ofacco,happinesshonest,responsible,capable,ambitious,independent;,union members,family-secu,Freedom,happiness,self-respect,mature love responsible,honest,courageous,independent,capable,activistsEquality,worldof peace,family-s honest happiness courageous,helpful,courageous,responsible,capable,3.Typesof values,(3)Contemporary workcohorts,Protestant work ethic:hard work;conservative;loyalty tothe organization,Existential:Quality of life,nonconforming,seeks autonomy;loyalty to self;1960s-mid-1970s,Pragmatic:Success,achievement,ambition,hard work;loyalty to career;mid-1970s-late 1980s,Generation X:Flexibility,jobsatisfaction,leisuretime;loyaltyto relationships1990s,4.Values,Loyalty&Ethical Behavior,A decline in ethicalstandards?Self-centered,4 stages:Theactionof managers bosses is the most importantfactorinfluencing ethical behaviorin organizations.,Class 4.Values,Attitudes and JobSatisfaction,4.2 Attitudes,1.Concept,Evaluative statementsor judgementconcerning objects,people,orevents3 components,cognitive component-theopinionor belief segment ofan attitude(value statement),affective component-emotional orfeeling,behavioral component-An intentionto behave ina certain waytowardsomeoneor sth.,Essentially refers tothe affect part,2.Sources of Attitudes,Acquired fromparents,teachers,peergroupmembers,born with,early years,model orimitatethoseone admire,respect,fear,less stable(incontrast to values),affectjob behavior,3.Types of Attitudes,job-related attitude(work environment),Job satisfaction-an individuals general attitudetowardhis orher job(almost=),Job involvement-the degree to whicha person identifieswith his(her)job,activelyparticipatesin it,consider the performance importantto self-worth.negatively related toabsenteeism,resignation rates;more consistentlypredict turnover than absenteeism;16%variance,3.Types of Attitudes,job-related attitude(work environment),Organizationalcommitment-the degree towhich an employee identifieswith aparticular organization andits goals,and wishes to maintainmembership init.negative relationships between Organizationalcommitment and absenteeism,turnover;better indicatorof turnover than jobsatisfaction predictor,34%variance,4.Attitudes andConsistency,Peopleseek consistency among theirattitudes&betweentheir attitudes&behavior,seek toreconcile divergentattitudes andalign their attitudes&behavior sothey appear rationaland consistent-Equilibrium state,Altering theirattitudes orbehavior,developing arationalization fortheir discrepancy,5.Cognitive Dissonance Theory,Leon Festingerproposed in late 1950s,sought to explainthe linkage between attitudes&behavior,Cognitive Dissonance,-any incompatibilitybetween 2 ormoreattitudes or betweenattitudes&behavior,any form of inconsistency isuncomfortablefor one to attempt to reduce.-astablestate where there isa minimum of dissonance,thedeterminantfactors:the,importance,oftheelements,thedegreeof,influence,onebelieves,the,rewards,thatmaybeinvolvedindissonance,6.Measuringt
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