有机物中英文命名规则

,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Organic Chemistry,Some significant organic chemical terms,hydrocarbons;saturated hydrocarbon;unsaturated hydrocarbon;conjugate(conjugation);,（碳氢化合物，烃，饱和,，不饱和，共轭）,Types of Reaction:,substitution(alkylation,halogenation etc),（取代，如烷基化，卤代）,;addition,（加成）,;elimination,（消去）,;condensation,（缩合）,;polymerization,（聚合）,;,oxidation,（氧化）,;reduction,（还原）,.,degradation,（降解）,;rearrangement,（重排）,;replacement,（置换）,;,pericyclic reaction(cycloaddition reaction;electrocyclic reaction;sigmatropic rearrangement),（周环反应，包括,:,环加成，电环化，,-,重排）,Electrophile(electrophilic),（亲电试剂，亲电的）,;nucleophile(nucleophilic),（亲核试剂，亲核的）,;,Carbocation,（碳正离子）,;,carbanion,（碳负离子）,;,radical,（游离基，,free,自由基）,;intermediate,（,中间体）,;substituent,（取代基）,;,Reactivity,（反应活性,）,;Attack,（进攻）,;leaving group,（离去基团）,;protecting group,（保护基）,;catalyst,（催化剂）,;,Kinetic,（动力学的）,;thermodynamic,（热力学的）,.,cis-trans isomer;optical isomer(enantiomer);,（顺,-,反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体）,asymmetric;chiral;chirality;,（不对称，手性的，手性）,racemic mixture;meso compound;,（外消旋体，内消旋体）,stereoselective reaction;stereospecific reation;regioselective reaction;,steric hindrance;steric effects;,（立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应）,reflux;stir;azeotrope;,（回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）,separation;filter;distillation;fraction;chromatography;,（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）,extraction;precipitate;recrystallization;,（萃取，沉淀，重结晶）,Terms related to the synthetic experiment,Ground joint;,Flask(three-necked,round-bottom,conical,filter,suction,volumetric);,Condenser(air,reflux,ball,coil);distilling head(claisen);adaptor(vacuum);,Beaker;funnel(buchner,separatory,long-stem,stemless,dropping,sintered glass);,Bottle(weighing,washing,dropping,gas-washing);drying tube(tower,desiccator,vacuum desiccator);,Prefix,-Parent-,Suffix,Nomenclature of parent part-Nomenclature of alkanes and alkyl substituents,Straight-chain alkanes,Straight-chain alkanes are named by counting the number of carbon atoms in the chain and adding the family suffix-,ane,.Thus,pent,ane,is the five-carbon alkane,and,hex,ane,is the six-carbon alkane.,An alkyl substituent(or an alkyl group)is an alkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed.,Alkyl substituents are named by replacing the“,ane,”suffix of the alkane with“,yl,”.The letter“,R,”is used to indicate any alkyl group.,Thus CH,3,-has the name of meth,yl,while the group of CH,3,CH,2,-was named eth,yl,.,Number Molecular Name Name in Alkyl,of carbons formula Chinese substituents,1 CH4,Meth,ane,甲,烷,Meth,yl,2 C2H6,Eth,ane,乙,烷,Eth,yl,3 C3H8,Prop,ane,丙,烷,Prop,yl,4 C4H10,But,ane,丁,烷,But,yl,5 C5H12,Pent,ane,戊,烷,Pent,yl,6 C6H14,Hex,ane,己,烷,Hex,yl,7 C7H16,Hep,tane,庚,烷,Hept,yl,8 C8H18,Oct,ane,辛,烷,Oct,yl,9 C9H20,Non,ane,壬,烷,Non,yl,10 C10H22,Dec,ane,癸,烷,Dec,yl,11 C11H24,Undec,ane,十一,烷,Undec,yl,12 C12H26,Dodec,ane,十二,烷,Dodec,yl,13 C13H28,Tridec,ane,十三,烷,Tridec,yl,20 C20H42,Icos,ane,二十,烷,Icos,yl,21 C21H44,Heneicos,ane,二十一,烷,Heneicos,yl,30 C30H62,Triacont,ane,三十,烷,Triacont,yl,Branched-chain alkanes,3-ethyl-3-methyl,hex,ane,Some useful prefixes for indicating the number of substituent groups,Mono-,单取代,一取代,Di-,二取代,Tri-,三取代,Tetra-,四取代,Pent(a)-,五取代,Hex(a)-,六取代,Hept(a)-,七取代,Oct(a)-,八取代,Nona-,九取代,Deca-,十取代,2,6-dimethyl,oct,ane,not,2-ethyl-6-methylheptane,3-ethyl-2-methyl,hex,ane,not,3-isopropylhexane,Some useful prefixes used to name branched alkanes,(Common names),(normal)n-,正,(isomer)iso-,异,neo-,新,primary,伯，一级,(secondary),sec,-,仲，二级,(tertiary),tert,-,叔，三级,quaternary,季，四级,n-pentane neopentane isobutane,正戊烷 新戊烷 异丁烷,Pentane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpropane,tert,-butanol isobutanamine,sec,-butanamine,叔丁醇 异丁胺 仲丁胺,2-methyl-2-propanol 2-methylpropanamine 1-methylpropanamine,Cyclic alkanes(cycloalkanes),e.g.,cylco,prop,ane,cyclo,pent,ane,and,cyclo,hex,yl,etc,Nomenclature of acyclic hydrocarbons with one double or triple bond,Acyclic hydrocarbons having one double or triple bond are named by replacing the ending,“-ane,”of the name of the corresponding alkane with the ending,“-ene,”or,“-yne,”.(,alk,ene,)(,alk,yne,),e.g.,(butane),but,ene,but,ene,but,yne,trans,-2-butene,cis,-2-butene 3-methyl-1-butyne,The univalent radical derived from acyclic alkene or alkyne has the endings“-,enyl,”or“-,ynyl,”,(alkene alken,yl,)(alkyne alkyn,yl,),and the position of the double or triple bond is indicated where necessary.(unlike alk,ane,alk,yl,),e.g.,1-propenyl 2-butenyl,ethynyl 2-propynyl,The following non-systematic names are retained,Ethylene(,乙烯）,Allene,（丙二烯）,Acetylene,（乙炔）,Isoprene,（异戊二烯）,Vinyl,（乙烯基）,Allyl,（烯丙基）,Isopropenyl,（异丙烯基）,Nomenclature of acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double or triple bonds,Two or more double bonds:the ending will be,“-adiene,”,“-atriene,”etc.(,alk,adiene,),Two or more triple bonds:the ending will be,“-adiyne,”,“-atriyne,”etc.(,alk,adiyne,),e.g.,2-methyl-1,3-but,adiene,propadiene 2,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene,3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyne,Nomenclature of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,苯 甲苯 二甲苯 苯乙烯 异丙苯 均三甲苯,benzene toluene xylene styrene cumene mesi