《英语语法句子》PPT课件

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英语语法(English grammar),Lecture One,1.什么是语法：语法不是语言的法则而是的规律。,2.为何要学语法:学语法的最终目的是为了抛弃语法。既然语法是语言的规律，掌握了语言的规律就等于掌握了学习语言的捷径。因此学习语法很重要。,3.句子(sentence)=主语(subject)+谓语(predicate)+（表(predicative)、宾(object)、定(attributive)、状(adverbial)、同位(appositive)、独立成分(independent element)句中可有可无）。,主语：是句子主体，表示谓语陈述和说明的是谁、是什么的成分。即是谓语动词的执行者。可用代词、名词、数词、名词短语、不定时短语动名词短语、主语从句、形式主语it等表示（举例）。,I opened the door.,(代主)我把门打开了。,The window blew open.,（名主）窗子吹开了。,Five of them are Party members.,（数主）他们当中有五人是党员。,This suggestion of yours is of great value.,（名短主）你的这个建议很有价值。,To study English well is very important.,（不定短主）学好英语很重要。,Taking a walk after supper is his habit.,（动名短主）晚饭后散步是他的习惯。,Whether he will come or not remains to be seen.,（主从）他是否来还要等等看。,It is true that he went there.,（it=that-从句）他去了那里是真的。,It is wrong to tell a lie.,（it=不定式）撒谎是错误的。,It is not worth while your going there.,（it=动名短）你到那里去值不得。,谓语：表示主语做什么、是什么的成分。用谓语动词（普通动词和联系动词）简单谓语和复合谓语 表示：受到主语人称和时态限制的动词（举例）。,Young boys study English very hard.,（普动简谓）男同学们努力地学英语。,Her mother is very beautiful.,（系动谓）她母亲很漂亮。,He has finished his homework.,（普动复谓）他已经做完了功课。,表语：由联系动词引导的、说明主语身份、性质、状态的成分。用名、代、数、形、名短、代短、形短、不定短、介短、表从等表示（举例）。,He is a writer.,（名表）他是作家。,He appears a most plain man.,（名短表）他看起来是一个很普通的人。,This is mine.,（代表）这是我的。,The task is one of great importance.,（代短表）这是一项很重要的任务。,Im forty.,（数表）我四十岁。,It is very hot today.,（形表）今天很热。,To see is to believe.,（不定短表）眼见为实。,Our greatest happiness is serving the people.,（动名短表）我们最大的幸福是为人民服务。,He is at rest now.,（介短表）他现在在休息。,My idea is that we should do it at once.,（表从）我的意思是我们马上干。,宾语：及物动词和介词所涉及的对象，分双宾语（=间宾（indirect object）+直宾(direct object)）和复合宾语（=宾语(object)+宾补(objective complement)）两种。可用名、代（宾格）、数、名短、不定短、动名短、分词等表示（举例说明）。,I want you to help me with work.,（to不定短宾补）我想让你帮我做这项工作。,I felt somebody touch men on the shoulder.,（不带to不定短宾补）我感到有人触到我的肩。,I heard my name called.,（过分宾补）我听到有人叫我的名字。,I smell something burning.,（现分宾补）我问到什么东西烧起来了。,They made him the chairman.,（名宾补）他们选他当主席。,He painted the door blue.,（形宾补）他把门漆成蓝色了。,He took these words as evidence.,（介短宾补）他把这些话当作证据。,Bring him in.,（副宾补）把他带进来。,定语：修饰名词和代词的成分。用形、名、数、副、形短、名短、不定短、现分短、过分短、介短、定从等表示（举例）,He is a brave man.,（形定）他是一个勇敢的人。,They are chemistry teachers.,（名定）他们是化学老师。,There are seven or eight books on the desk.,（数定）桌上有7、8本书。,The man downstairs is Professor Smith.,（副定）楼下那个人是史密斯教授。,I have no ticket to spare.,（不定短定）我没有多余的票。,The train has three sleeping cars.,（动名定）这辆火车有三节卧铺车厢。,The sleeping baby is his son.,（现分定）那个熟睡的婴儿是他的儿子。,This is a story about Lei Feng.,（介短定）这是一个关于雷锋的故事。,He is a returned student.,（过分定）他是一个归国留学生。,Do you know the man who made the report?,（定从）你认识那个做报告的人吗？,状语：修饰动、形、副、数、名（quite/only）、各类短语、整句(certainly/perhaps/)的成分。用副、形（He died young.）、副短、介短、不定短、现分短、过分短、名短（every morning,this afternoon）、各类状从来表示时间、地点、方位、原因、理由、目的、结果、程度、频度、方式、伴随、条件、让步、比较、范围等状语（举例）。,Only Li Ming can do it.,（副作强调状）只有李明能做这件事。,We have lived in Shanghai for 10 years.,（介短作地状）我们在上海住了十年。,Not having received an answer,I wrote again.,（分短作原因状）没有收到回信，我又写了一封。,He went there to see his friend.,（不定短作目状）他到那里去看他的朋友。,He spoke slowly and clearly.,（副作方状）他说的慢而清楚。,Now and again,we heard shots in the distance.,（副短作频状）我们不时听到远处的枪声。,Any one can be an expert if he studies hard.,（条状从）只要努力学习，人人都可以成为专家。,Tired and hungry,he dragged along.,（形表示主语特征）他又累又饿，吃力地走着。,Perhaps he will be there.,（句子副词）他可能在那里。,同位语：补充说明或进一步解释句中某个词或短语，而且和被说明部分充当同样成分的成分。可用名、代、数、不定短、动名短、连（or）、插入语（that is(to say),in other word,namely,for example,such as,say等）来表示（举例）。,She is better,very much better,than he is.,（形作同位）她比他好很多。,He always wrote so clearly and neatly.,（副作同位）他总是那样写既清楚又整齐。,I myself found it.,（代作同位）我自己找到的。,We three went together.,（数作同位）我们三个一起去的。,We Chinese people are brave and diligent.,（名作同位）我们中国人民既勤劳又勇敢。,The fact that he is ill is true.,（同从）他病的事是真的。,We have a common desire to build socialism in China.,（不定短同位）我们都有一个共同的愿望在中国建成社会主义。,Thats her job,raising pigs.,（动名同位）那就是她的工作养猪。,He knows four languages,namely(that is,that is,that is to say)Chinese,Japanese,English and French.,他懂四种语言，汉语、日语、英语和法语。,独立成分：句中与其他成分无语法联系的成分。常见的独立成分有三种：感叹词、呼语和插入语。作插入语用的有副词（namely,especially,surely,etc.）、形短（sure enough,strange to say,etc.）、介短（as a matter of fact,as a rule,in a word,of course,for example,on the whole,in general,etc.）、不定短（to be sure,to be frank,to tell the truth,to sum up,to begin with,etc.）、分短（generally speaking,strictly speaking,judging from,etc.）、短句（I think,I mean,Im afraid,I suppose,as it were,as I know,as we know it,as it turned out,etc.）等。（举例）,Oh,wouldnt it be fun!,（感独）啊！那真好玩！,May I ask you a question,sir?,（呼独）先生，我可以问一个问题吗？,It might rain tonight,I am afraid.,（短句插独）恐怕今晚要下雨。,To sum up,success results from hard work.,（短语插独）总而言之，成功是辛勤劳动的结果。,4从句或分句（clause）：由主从连词引导的、在主句中仅充当一个成分的句子形式（主+谓结构）。含有从句的句子叫主从复合句。常见的从句有：,1）主从(subject clause)：常由that,whether,who,which,what,when,how,where,why,whose等主从连词引导。有时因主语太长而用it作形式主语，主从放句后（举例）。,Whether he will come or not remains to be seen.,（主从）他是否来还要等等看。,2）表从（predicative clause）：常由that,whether,who,which,what,when,how,where,why,as if,as though等表从连词引导。,My idea is that we