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按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,#,JUSTICE,Whats The Right Thing To Do?,Reading Reports,Introduction:,Michael J.Sandel,Michael,Sandel is one of the most popular college professors in,Harvard University.,He has taught his undergraduate course“Justice”to more than 15,000 Harvard students over the 20 years,This book reveals Sandels secret recipe for timeless questions of law,justice,and morality.,1,、,THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER(,唐,),2,、,THE CASE FOR CANNIBALISM(,唐,),3,、,PUTTING A PRICE TAG ON LIFE(,潘,),4,、,HOW TO MEASURE PLEASURE(,潘,),5,、,FREE TO CHOOSE(,葉,),6,、,WHO OWNS ME?(,葉,),7,、,THIS LAND IS MY LAND(,邱,),8,、,CONSENTING ADULTS(,邱,),9,、,HIRED GUNS(,曾,),10,、,MOTHERHOOD:FOR SALE(,曾,),11,、,MIND YOUR MOTIVE(,張,),12,、,THE SUPREME RINCIPLE OF MORALITY(,張,),Contents,THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER,If you had to choose between(1)killing one person to save the lives of five others and(2)doing nothing even though you knew that five people would die right before your eyes if you did nothingwhat would you do?What would be the right thing to do?,Thats the hypothetical scenario Professor Michael Sandel uses to launch his course on moral reasoning.After the majority of students votes for killing the one person in order to save the lives of five others,Sandel presents three similar moral conundrumseach one artfully designed to make the decision more difficult.As students stand up to defend their conflicting choices,it becomes clear that the assumptions behind our moral reasoning are often contradictory,and the question of what is right and what is wrong is not always black and white.,THE CASE FOR CANNIBALISM,Sandel introduces the principles of utilitarian philosopher,Jeremy Bentham,with a famous nineteenth century legal case involving a shipwrecked crew of four.After nineteen days lost at sea,the captain decides to kill the weakest amongst them,the young cabin boy,so that the rest can feed on his blood and body to survive.The case sets up a classroom debate about the moral validity of utilitarianismand its doctrine that the right thing to do is whatever produces“the greatest good for the greatest number.,PUTTING A PRICE TAG ON LIFE,Today,companies and governments often use Jeremy Benthams utilitarian logic under,the name of“cost-benefit analysis.”Sandel presents some contemporary cases in which,cost-benefit analysis was used to put a dollar value on human life.The cases give rise to several objections to the utilitarian logic of seeking“the greatest good for the greatest number.”Should we always give more weight to the happiness of a majority,even if the majority is cruel or ignoble?Is it possible to sum up and compare all values using a common measure like money?,HOW TO MEASURE PLEASURE,Sandel introduces J.S.Mill,a utilitarian philosopher who attempts to defend utilitarianism against the objections raised by critics of the doctrine.Mill argues that seeking“the greatest good for the greatest number”is compatible with protecting individual rights,and that utilitarianism can make room for a distinction between higher and lower pleasures.Mills idea is that the higher pleasure is always the pleasure preferred by a well-informed majority.Sandel tests this theory by playing video clips from three very different forms of entertainment:Shakespeares,Hamlet,the reality,show,Fear Factor,and The Simpsons.Students debate which experience provides the,higher pleasure,and whether Mills defense of utilitarianism is successful.,FREE TO CHOOSE,Sandel introduces the libertarian conception of individual rights,according to which only a minimal state is justified.Libertarians argue that government shouldnt have the,power to enact laws that 1)protect people from themselves,such as seat belt laws,2)impose some peoples moral values on society as a whole,or 3)redistribute income,from the rich to the poor.Sandel explains the libertarian notion that redistributive taxation is akin to forced labor with references to Bill Gates and Michael Jordan.,WHO OWNS ME?,Libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick makes the case that taxing the wealthyto pay for housing,health care,and education for the pooris a form of,coercion,.Students,first discuss the arguments behind redistributive,taxation,.Dont most poor people need the social services they receive in order to survive?If you live in a society that has a,system of progressive taxation,arent you obligated to pay your taxes?Dont many rich people often acquire their wealth through,sheer,luck or family fortune?A group of,students,dubbed,“Team Libertarian”volunteers to defend the libertarian philosophy against these objections.,This Land is My Land,The philosopher John Locke believes that individuals have certain rights so fundamental that no government can ever take them away.These rightsto life,liberty and propertywere given to us as human beings in the“the state of nature,”a time before government and laws were created.According to Locke,our natural rights are governed by the law of nature,known by reason,which says t
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