英汉语言比较

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第二章英汉语言比较,English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(,印欧语系,).Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family,（汉藏语系）,.It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language.On the basis of Angles language(Anglo-Saxon),English was built by absorbing words in various languages.,talk along parallel lines,“,谈不到一块儿”、“各持己见”、“意见不一致”；,“英雄所见略同”,goldbrick,金锭,大忙人,busybody,自食其言,to eat ones own words.,英汉两种语言的差异,直线型与螺旋型,分析型与综合型,抽象型与形象型,客观性与主观性,前重心与后重心,竹节句法与流水句法,理性型与绘画型,语义对应于非对应,一、直线型与螺旋型,Time is an equal opportunity employer.Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day.Rich people cant buy more hours.Scientists cant invent new minutes.And you cant save time to spend it on another day.,每个人每天所拥有的小时数和分钟数完全相同，富人不可能购买更多的小时，科学家也不能发明新的分钟，并且你还不能把时间留到另一天用，所以说，时间是机会均等的雇主。,二、分析型与综合型,As it is too late for you to go home now,you had better stay overnight at this place.,(as,表明主从句的因果关系,),现在回家太晚，你最好在这儿住一晚。（因果关系靠内在逻辑关系来理解）,天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。（白居易）（注重整体表达效果，转折关系没有明示）,The eternal universe sometimes comes to an end,but my unceasing complaint knows no limit.,（增加连词,but,，明确转折关系）,三、抽象型与形象型,work with meticulous care,（精雕细刻）,accept,sth,uncritically,(,生吞活剥,),be full of fears and misgivings,(,前怕狼后怕虎,),画饼充饥,(,feed on illusions,),归根到底,(,in the final analysis,),冷言冷语,(,sarcastic comments,),弱不禁风,(,be in delicate health,),area,（面积）大小；,length,（长度）长短；,depth,（深度）深浅；,width,（宽度）宽窄；,weight,（重量）轻重,Time mutes all feelings.,时间的流逝会使各种感情变得淡漠。,Odd thought it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.,宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一学说是正确的。,Marriage may be compared to a cage:the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out.,婚姻好比鸟笼，外面的鸟儿想进进不去，里面的鸟儿想出出不来。,四、客观性与主观性,All the people want to be successful in life and work.Success is one of the primary motivating factors of human society.But we must not say,it is our basic biological need,although it can bring a person position or wealth he needs.In the pursuit of success,we should have a right attitude toward failure no fear for it is the best policy as a Chinese old saying says,“failure is a mother of success.”,每个人都想在生活和工作中取得成功。成功是人类社会主要的动力之一。尽管成功能给人带来所需的地位和财富，但是我们不能说成功是我们的基本生物需求。在追求成功的过程中，我们应该用正确的态度看待失败,-,最好的办法是不惧怕失败，正如一句中国古训所说：“失败是成功之母。,Even though everyone has different concepts about what constitutes being successful,almost all individuals experience the constant pressure to succeed.While most people would still consider an important position or great wealth as a sign of success,others are realizing that the term embraces many more elements.To me,success means the achievement of ones goals.It includes a feeling of accomplishment,a willingness to overcome fear in attempting something new,and a sense of self-improvement in reaching the goal.,每个人对什么是成功有不同的观点，但几乎所有的人都经历过为取得成功承受的沉重压力。虽然多数人仍然把身居要职和腰缠万贯看成是成功的标志，但也有人认识到成功包含着更多的东西。对我而言，成功就是实现了自己的目标，它包括尝试新事物的成就感和克服恐惧的积极性以及在实现目标的过程中的自我完善。,五、前重心与后重心,You need to fight for your point of view(,句首重心,)/when something that is counter to your values or threatens a project the organization supports,.,当所发生的事情与你的价值观完全相反或者对你的机构所支持的项目有威胁时，你需要为你的观点而战。（句尾重心）,There is no agreement,（句首重心）,/whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.,（从语义上讲，主句,There is no,讲的是结果，从句,whether,说的是细节）,方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中适用各个具体领域的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。（句尾重心）,六、竹节句法与流水句法,知己知彼，百战不殆。,Know the enemy and know yourself,and you can win a hundred battles.,It is sometimes the fate of a poet to succeed,only when he has one foot in the grave.,有时候一名诗人命中注定只有在一只脚踏进坟墓的时候才会成功。,Found throughout Central and South America,the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs,sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving infrequently.,树懒产于中南美洲各地，它靠长而有弹性的四肢挂在树上，每天睡,15,个小时，很少移动。,With an unlucky combination of temperament and circumstances,gambling can become an obsession,almost a form of insanity,resulting in the loss not only of a mans property but of his self-respect and his conscience,and in the sufferings of his dependants,deprived of material comfort and condemned to watching his deterioration and helplessness.,【,长句，由一个主句加句首状语和句尾状语构成，结构紧凑：状语（,with,）,+,主句,+,表语同位语,+-,ing,分词短语作状语（其中,in,and in,构成平行结构）,】,如果一个人的秉性和环境结合得不好，赌博行为就可能成为强迫症，这几乎可算是一种精神病了；结果是，他不仅失去财产，而且失去自尊和良知，还带给家属们痛苦，他们被剥夺了舒适的物质生活，眼睁睁地看着他堕落、无助。（汉语表达必须拆分成几个短句）,七、理性型与绘画型,英语遵循从小到大、由近及远的排列原则，而汉语刚好相反。,英语讲究先实后虚，而汉语更看重先虚后实。,英语倾向于先表态，后叙事；汉语则喜欢先叙事后表态。,状语位置差异。,定语位置差异。,八、语义对应于非对应,1,、不完全对应,eat,与汉语的“吃”：,feed,，,consume,，,prey,，,graze,，,peck,，,pick,吃不开,(,be unpopular),，吃不消,(,be unable to stand,),，吃醋,(,be jealous,),，吃苦,(,bear hardships,),，吃亏,(,suffer losses;be at a disadvantage,),，吃一堑，长一智,(,a fall into the pit,a gain in your wit,