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按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,地區醫院感染症的處理及抗生素的使用,許清曉醫師,阮綜合醫院 顧問,高雄醫學大學內科臨床教授,衛生署及感管學會,感染控制雜誌,總編輯,Clement C.S.Hsu,MD.FACP,FIDSA,Northwestern U.Med.,Sch,.,ID Section,(1972-1990),看到病人時立即考慮:,有沒有急性或慢性的,感染症,?,(,尤其有發燒的病人,),(,其他原因,:腫瘤、自體免疫疾病、外傷、或血管栓塞而組織破壞),如果是感染症,是,急性到什麼程度?,如果是感染症,是,細菌性?,病毒性?,要看發燒(有,uremia,?);,如果是細菌性,,是化膿性、亦或非化膿性,?,要看白血球變化(酗酒?);,要看呼吸、脈搏、意識狀態的變化、有無寒戰、胸部,X,光、尿液檢查、血中白血球之,left shift,、,皮膚變化。,非化膿性細菌感染,:如,TB,、,syphilis,、,Mycoplasma,、,Chlamydia,、,Rickettsia,、,Leptospira,、,等。(可用,anti-TB drugs,;,tetracycline;penicillin for,leptospirosis,.,),病毒性感染,:則考慮是否有藥物治療的?,(,如:,herpes simplex,、,varcella,-zoster,、,RSV,、,CMV,、,HIV,、,influenza,等);接觸者是否有疫苗等預防措施?,化膿性細菌感染,這類細菌感染較為急性,有可能很快就會成為重症、或甚至致命。,常見的細菌不下二、三十種。,有用的抗生素也有數十種,且各有不同的抗菌效果。,如何簡化這些複雜的資料,讓醫師們更容易地選用適當的抗生素治療感染症,是抗生素教學上非常重要的基本思考方向。,經驗性治療前醫師手中的,可用以猜測,可能病原,的資料非常有限,!,抗生素之經驗性選擇,應該取決於:,(,可,用以猜測,可能病原,的資料),可能感染的部位;,革蘭染色的結果;,病人的年齡;,是社區感染亦或院內感染;,病情是否危急;,病人是否有嚴重的原在性疾病,(underlying diseases,、,associated conditions),;,當地抗藥菌之流行狀況;,此病患最近使用過的抗生素。,抗生素經驗性療法,(Empirical therapy),感染症臨床處理最特殊的地方!,剛開始治療時,絕大部分的感染症治療都是以,empirical therapy,進行。,給抗生素之前都必須先做,細菌培養,及,徹底的,history taking,,以找出病源菌。,不過,能培養出細菌的情況不到,50%(,包括痰液,、,表面傷口,),。,有細菌培養出來不一定代表它就是病原!,In vitro,藥敏性 及,in vivo,療效也不一定相符合,感染症最特殊的地方!,感染症病患之處理,大多數完全,靠醫師的學識、經驗、,病人安全第一的態度,,臨床判斷用藥,又得看治療結果才知道用藥正確!,判斷療效也不能全靠,fever curve,,常要靠緊密的臨床追蹤檢驗及觀察。,需要適時的檢驗結果(例如:,WBC,、,differential count,、,CRP,),以幫助臨床判斷。,感染症病患之處理,,不確定性,最為明顯!,感染專科醫師的用藥判斷應該尊重。,抗生素的使用:,視病如親、安全第一,。,需用才用、該用就用,;,感染症死亡病例,如生前未曾用上有效的藥物,應該嚴格地檢討,鑑別診斷、選藥,為何有疏失!,區別,重症,及,非重症,很重要,!,健保局規定,可以使用價格昂貴、廣效的管制抗生素的情況,(,幾乎就是相當於,重症,的定義,),依據細菌培養及藥敏測試結果。,嚴重敗毒症,(sepsis),有意識障礙,休克。,中樞神經感染。,使用呼吸器。,接受抗癌化學療法,放射線療法。,白血球,1,000/mm,3,或多核白血球,500/mm,3,。,脾臟切除病患有不明熱。,患疑似感染之早產兒及新生兒(出生二個月以內者)。,健保局規定:,可以使用價格昂貴、廣效的管制抗生素的情況,合併其他嚴重疾病,。,嚴重院內感染,(,肺炎需,X,光查証,),。,在其他醫院治療,因感染症轉診者,。,有傷口污染,臟器穿孔,明顯感染病灶。,使用第一線抗生素超過兩三日,臨床上明顯地無效,或有惡化。,嬰幼兒,(,出生二個月以上至滿五歲)患疑似感染症,使用第一線抗生素超過數日,臨床上明顯地無效,或有惡化。,感染專科醫師認為需要。,Gert,Hoeffken,Universitat,Dresden,Dresden,Germany,George,Karam,Louisiana State University,Medical School,New Orleans,LAMarin,Kollef,Washington University,School of Medicine,St.Louis,MO Carlos Luna,University of Buenos Aires,Argentina,Michael,Niederman,Winthrop University,Hospital,Mineola,NY David Paterson,University of Pittsburgh,Medical School,PA,Jordi,Rello,University Hospital Joan XXIII,Tarragona,Spain,Jean-Louis,Trouillet,Groupe,Hospitalier,PITIE SALPETRIERE,Paris,France,Getting It Right From Start To Finish:,The Role of,DE-ESCALATION THERAPY,Consensus II,Initial“Inadequate Therapy”In Critically Ill Patients with,Serious,Infections,Myth,There is time to start with one therapy and then escalate later,if needed.,Fact,Inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy increases mortality.,Changing from inadequate to appropriate therapy may not decrease mortality.,Initially delayed appropriate antibiotic therapy(IDAAT)is inadequate therapy.,Kollef,MH et al.,Chest,1999;115:462-474.,Ibrahim,EH et al.,Chest,2000;118:146-155.,Iregui,M et al.,Chest,2002;122:262-268.,DE-ESCALATION THERAPY,降階式抗生素療法,Stage 1,Administering the,broadest-spectrum antibiotic therapy,to improve outcomes(decrease mortality,prevent organ dysfunction,and decrease length of stay),Stage 2,Focusing on de-escalating as a means to minimize resistance and improve cost-effectiveness,Initial Appropriate Therapy,Empiric broad-spectrum therapy initiated,at the first suspicion of serious infection,.,Selection of antibiotic to ensure adequate coverage of,all likely pathogens,.,Kollef,MH et al.,Chest,1999;115:462-474.,Mortality,Associated With,Initial Inadequate,Therapy In,Critically,Ill Patients With Serious Infections in the ICU,0%,20%,40%,60%,80%,100,%,Luna,1997,Ibrahim,2000,Kollef,1998,Kollef,1999,Rello,1997,Alvarez-Lerma,1996,Initial appropriate,therapy,Initial inadequate,therapy,*Mortality refers to crude or infection-related mortality,Alvarez-,Lerma,F et al.,Intensive Care Med,1996;22:387-394.,Ibrahim,EH et al.,Chest,2000;118L146-155.,Kollef,MH et al.,Chest,1999;115:462-474,Kollef,MH et al.,Chest,1998;113:412-420.,Luna CM et al.,Chest,1997;111:676-685.,Rello,J et al.,Am J,Resp,Crit,Care Med,1997;156:196-200.,Mortality*,降階式抗生素療法,會增加抗藥菌?,還不一定!,WHO,:,The most effective strategy against antimicrobial resistance is to,get the job done right the first time,-to unequivocally destroy microbes-thereby,defeating resistance before it starts.“,台灣,昇階式,療法,四十年,抗藥菌之比例是領先各國!,有一,ICU,,,AB,菌自,22,病人分離出來,分析結果,都是同一株!表示基本,感控作業,非常的重要,可能更重要!,降階式抗生素療法,會大量增加醫療費用,?,還說不定!,還需要調查!,降階式療法在重症病患,,可以立即改善病情,,從,ICU,轉入普通病房,因而減少其醫療費用!,較快的治癒感染,可以減少住院期間!,學會,降階,,,也可以壓低醫療費用的增加!,台灣,260,個,一般感染病例,中至少有,32,例,(,12.6%,),,因選藥錯誤,拖延治癒期間,(,至少,5-7,天,),;,ICU,病患會拖延更久,,而浪費更多的費用!,Appropriate use of antibiotics can be defined as the,cost-effective use,of antimicrobials which,maximises,clinical therapeutic effect,while,minimising,both drug related,toxicity,and development of,antimicrobial resistance,.,(WHO 2000),The most effective strategy against antimicrobial resistance is to,get the job done right the first time,-to unequivocally destroy microbes-thereby,d
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