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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,临床技能操作,血液科 董学斌,骨髓穿刺术,骨髓穿刺针,适应症,各种白血病的诊断,有助于缺铁性贫血、溶贫、再障、恶组等血液病的诊断,诊断部分恶性肿瘤,如多发性骨髓瘤、淋巴瘤、骨髓转移瘤等,寄生虫病的检查,如查找疟疾、黑热病病原体,(涂片或培养),骨髓液的细菌培养,如伤寒、败血症等,物品准备,骨髓穿刺包(穿刺针、纱布),洞巾,手套,无菌注射器2个(10ml或20ml,5ml),治疗盘(碘酒、酒精或碘氟、棉棒、胶布、局麻药),培养基(需要时),方 法,穿刺部位的选择,髂前上棘穿刺点:,位于骼前上棘后12cm,该部位骨面较平,易于固定,操作方便,无危险性,髂后上棘穿刺点:,位于骶椎两侧,臀部上方突出的部位,胸骨穿刺点:,胸骨柄或胸骨体相当于胸骨中线第,1、2肋间隙水平。胸骨较薄,约1.0cm左右,其后方为心房和大血管,严防穿通胸骨发生意外;但由于胸骨骨髓液含量丰富,当其他部位穿刺失败时,仍需作胸骨穿刺,腰椎棘突穿刺点:,位于腰椎棘突突出处,穿刺部位图,方 法,体位,胸骨或髂前上棘穿刺时,病人取仰卧位;,腰椎棘突穿刺时,取坐位或侧卧位,方 法,具体操作步骤,常规消毒局部皮肤,术者带无菌手套,铺无菌洞巾,用2%利多卡因作局部皮肤、皮下至骨膜的麻醉,将骨髓穿刺针固定器固定在适当的长度上(胸骨穿刺约1.0cm、髂骨穿刺约1.5cm),用左手拇指和示指固定穿刺部位,以右手持针向骨面垂直刺入(若为胸骨穿刺,则应保持针体与骨面成3040角),当针尖接触骨质后则将穿刺针围绕针体长轴左右旋转,缓缓钻刺骨质,当感到阻力消失,且穿刺针已固定在骨内时,表示已进入骨髓腔;若穿刺针未固定,则应钻入少许达到能固定为止。,方 法,具体操作步骤,拔出针芯,放于无菌盘内;接上干燥的10ml或20ml注射器,用适当力量抽吸,若针头确在骨髓腔内,抽吸时病人感到一种轻微锐痛,随即有少量红色骨髓液进入注射器中。骨髓吸取量以0.10.2ml为宜。,将抽取的骨髓液迅速推于载玻片上,快速涂片。,如未能抽出骨髓液,则可重新插上针芯,稍加旋转或再钻下少许或退出少许,拔出针芯,再行抽吸即可取得骨髓液。,如作骨髓液细菌培养可再抽吸11.5ml,方 法,具体操作步骤,抽吸完毕,将针芯重新插入;左手取无菌纱布置于针孔处,右手将穿刺针连同针芯一起拔出,随即将纱布盖于针孔上,并按压12分钟,再用胶布将纱布加压固定。,注意事项,术前应作出、凝血时间检查,有出血倾向者操作时应特别注意,对血友病、穿刺部位感染患者禁止作骨髓穿刺。,注射器与穿刺针必须干燥,以免发生溶血。,穿刺针头进入骨质后避免摆动过大,以免折断;胸骨穿刺不可用力过猛,以防穿透内侧骨板。,抽吸液量如为作细胞形态学检查不宜过多,以免影响骨髓增生程度判断、细胞计数及分类结果。如临床疑有败血症,则于骨髓涂片后,再接上注射器抽取骨髓液1.0ml,送骨髓培养。,骨髓液取出后应立即涂片,否则会很快发生凝固,使涂片失败。,骨髓活体组织检查术,活检针的组成,针管(内径2mm),针座,接柱(1.5cm和2.0cm各一件),有内芯的手柄,活检针,适应症,骨髓增生异常综合症,骨髓纤维化症(原发性、继发性),增生低下型白血病,骨髓转移癌,再生障碍性贫血,多发性骨髓瘤等,方 法,部位,均选择髂后上棘或髂前上棘,体位,侧卧位或仰卧位,方 法,具体操作步骤,常规消毒局部皮肤,戴无菌手套,铺无菌洞巾,局部麻醉。,将针管套在手柄上,左手拇指和示指将穿刺部位皮肤压紧固定,右手执手柄以顺时针方向进针至骨质一定深度后,拨出针芯,在针座后端连接1.5cm或2.0cm接柱,再插入针芯,继续按顺时针方向进针,深度达1.0cm左右,停止进针,原地转动针管360,针管前端的沟槽即可将骨髓组织离断。,方 法,具体操作步骤,按顺时针方向退针至体外,取出骨髓组织,置入95%乙醇或10%甲醛中固定,送检。,穿刺部位以2%碘酊棉球涂布、轻压后再用干棉球压迫创口数分钟,敷以无菌纱布,胶布固定。,注意事项,开始进针不要深,如进针太深,则不易取出骨髓组织。,活检针一般不宜用于吸取骨髓液涂片,因活检针内径大,换接注射器吸取骨髓液量不易控制,易混入周围血,即易稀释。,淋巴结穿刺术,目的或适应症,淋巴结穿刺抽出液,制作涂片作细胞学或病原学检查以协助查明淋巴结肿大的原因,如感染(细菌、病毒、真菌、丝虫)、结核病、造血系统肿瘤(白血病、淋巴瘤)、转移瘤等。,方 法,部位,选择适于穿刺的部位,一般取肿大较明显的淋巴结,方 法,具体操作步骤,常规消毒局部皮肤和术者手指。,术者以左手示指和拇指固定淋巴结,右手持带1819号针头的10ml干燥注射器,将针头沿淋巴结长轴刺入淋巴结内,深度依淋巴结大小而定,然后边拔针边用力抽吸,利用空针内的负压将淋巴结内的液体和细胞成分吸出。,不必等有组织液进入注射器内即固定内栓拔出针头,将注射器取下充气后再将针头内的抽出液喷射到玻璃片上制成均匀涂片,染色镜检。,术后穿刺部位用无菌纱布覆盖,胶布固定。,注意事项,最好在饭前穿刺,以免抽出物中含脂质过多,影响染色。,若未能获得抽出物时,可将针头再由原穿刺点刺入,只要不发生出血,可在不同方向连续穿刺,抽吸数次,直到取得抽出物为止。,注意选择易于固定的部位,淋巴结不宜过小,且应远离大血管。,涂片前注意抽出物性状,一般炎性抽出液色微黄,结核病变呈黄绿色或污灰色粘稠液体,可见干酪样物质。,淋巴结活体组织检查术,适应症,周身或局部淋巴结肿大,,疑为淋巴瘤、白血病、免疫母细胞性淋巴结病、结核、肿瘤转移或结节病等,,经淋巴结穿刺涂片检查不能明确诊断时,应行淋巴结活体组织检查术。,注意事项,活检部位一般取肿大明显的淋巴结,周身浅表淋巴结均肿大者,尽量少取腹股沟淋巴结,疑为恶性疾病转移者,按淋巴引流方向,摘取相应组群淋巴结检查,阳性率高,如疑为胸腔恶性病变者,多选右锁骨上淋巴结,腹腔恶性疾病者多选左锁骨上淋巴结,盆腔及外阴部恶性病变者,多选腹股沟淋巴结,摘除淋巴结后,立即用10%甲醛或95%乙醇固定送检,gSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+A+B2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#o#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C3F4F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s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