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,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,5/17/2015,#,英美合同法的解释、损害赔偿与救济,以国际商业,与外贸,实践为视角,2015,年,5,月,19,日,北京,杨良宜,10/1/2024,国际商,业,业与英,美,美合同,法,法/商法,孙子兵,法,法攻谋篇：,“知己,知,知彼，,百,百战不,殆,殆；不,知,知彼而,知,知己，,一,一胜一,负,负；不,知,知彼不,知,知己，,每,每战必,殆,殆。”,1/16/2020,国际商,业,业与英,美,美合同,法,法/商法,什么是,“,“彼”,？,？,1/16/2020,国际商,业,业与英,美,美合同,法,法/商法,英美合,同,同法/商法,全面、,合,合理、,合,合乎逻,辑,辑、配,合,合实际,与,与有可,行,行性、,肯,肯定性,以,以及可,预,预测性,的,的游戏,规,规则,培养出,一,一套适,合,合商贸,活,活动的,有,有组织,的,的常识,与,与思维,1/16/2020,国际商,业,业与英,美,美合同,法,法/商法,Senator Linie GMBH,&,&CoKGv SunwayLine,Inc,.,.,291F3d145,(,(2d Cir.2002), SotomayorCircuit Judge said：,inmattersofcommercial lawourdecisions shouldconform to theEnglish decisions,inthe absenceofsomerule of publicpolicywhichwouldforbid.,1/16/2020,明示条,文,文与默,示,示条文,1/16/2020,默示条,文,文,法律的默示,事实的默示,其他 的名称,General default rules,（这名称也显示了它是一般适用在某一个类别的合约，而且是在没有明示条文针对的情况下）,Ad hoc gap-fillers,（这名称也显示了它是随意去填补个别合约中的漏洞，随意也表示了不是一般适用而只是在个别合约中的不同情况）,适用,普遍适用在某种类别的合约关系，例如是货物买卖（,1979,年,货物销售法,与一些普通法的默示）或是房东与住客之间（,Liverpool City Council v. Irwin 1977 A.C. 239,等先例），仲裁协议的机密（,AliShipping Corporation v. Shipyard Trogir 1998 1 Lloyds Rep 643,等先例）。,假设双方应该有的订约意图但没有在合约内明示规定或针对的情况，法院,/,仲裁庭必须小心不去改写合约，而只有满足了一些严格的考验才去能作出默示。这只能是适用在个别的合约而不能去普遍性的适用在同样类别的合约关系。,考验标准,不是根据双方的订约意图，也不要求“必须”（,necessary,） 令个别合约有“商业效力”（,business efficacy,） 而是根据一些较“广泛的考虑”（,wider consideration,）例如是政策考虑或从整体看是合理。通常订约方如果不喜欢某一个法律默示的条文，可去以明示条文否定或超越。,要求“必须”（,necessary,）去增加这一个事实默示才能令合约有一个完整的说法与可以顺利履行，即给予“商业效力”（,business efficacy,）。光是合理或不合理是不足去作出这一种默示。,案例,Eichholz v. Bannister (1864) 144 ER 284; Liverpool City Council v. Irwin (1977) A.C. 239,等,The “Moorcock” (1889) 14 P.D. 64,等,1/16/2020,明示条,文,文与默,示,示条文,的,的关系,明示条,文,文超越,默,默示条,文,文,以明示,条,条文改,变,变默示,地,地位，,除,除非涉,及,及公共,政,政策,1/16/2020,事实的,默,默示,合理时,间,间,履行的,时,时间,履行的,期,期限,有关中,国,国的重,要,要案件,履行的,做,做法：,要求一,方,方作出,通,通知（,例,例如商,品,品买卖,合,合约下,的,的装港,通,通知/派船通,知,知等，,备,备妥装,货,货通知,，,，不可,抗,抗力事,项,项通知,等,等）,1/16/2020,法律的,默,默示：,货,货物/商品买,卖,卖合约,付运买,卖,卖合约,下,下运输,风,风险的,转,转移,卖方拥,有,有出售,的,的有关,货,货物的,主,主权与,转,转移给,买,买方,货物没,有,有债务,与,与押记,买方可,宁,宁静地,占,占有该,货,货物,货物是,否,否对版,、,、满意,质,质量与,适,适合买,方,方用途,时间规,定,定默示,是,是重要,：,：Bungev Tradax,(,(1980,),),1/16/2020,Theimportanceoftheinternationalsale contract,Thesalecontractandits terms (express 明示 or imply 默示)will determine:,1)Thetypeoftransportation,the terms of thattransportationcontractorcontracts,andthe identity of thecharterer,.,.,2)Thepaymentmethod,3)Theinsurance andthetermsofinsurance contract or policy,Typesofcontractsofshipmentsale/documentarysales,Therearemanydifferenttypesofcontractofsale.Thefollowing areexamples:,ExShip,FOB,(,(FreeOnBoard,),),CIF,(,(Cost, Insurance,Freight),ExShip,Itisthedutyoftheseller to providethe goods andtoassumethe costand riskoftransportationtothe buyersplaceofreceipt.,FOB,(,(FreeOnBoard),StraightFOB,;,; ClassicFOB (班轮运,输,输);ExtendedFOB等不同,做,做法,InStraightFOB, itisthedutyofthebuyertocollectthegoodsatthe loadingportorplaceofdeliverynominatedbythe seller,totransport it to thedischargeportandtoinsure it duringthetransportation,.,.,CIF,(,(Cost, Insurance,Freight),Itisthedutyoftheseller to providethe goods (Cforcost),toprovideinsuranceforitduringthetransit(Iforinsurance)andtotransportittothebuyer(Fforfreight).,卖方以,付,付运文,件,件去作,出,出证明,，,，并尽,快,快交出,给,给买方,。,。,JamesFinlay,&,&Co.vKwik HooTong HM (1929)1 KB 400先例，Scrutton大法官,说,说：,“ thatthe goods maybelost beforethedocuments aretenderedandbefore thepropertyhaspassed.”,INCOTERMS2010,AnyModeorModesofTransport,EXWEx Works,FCAFreeCarrier,CPTCarriage PaidTo,CIPCarriage andInsurancePaid,DATDeliveredatTerminal,DAPDeliveredatPlace,(,(NB!Equivalent to DES),DDPDeliveredDuty Paid,Seaand InlandWaterwaysTransport Only,FASFreeAlongside Ship,FOBFreeonBoard,CFRCostand Freight,CIFCost, InsuranceandFreight,买卖合,约,约下作,出,出的承,诺,诺的法,律,律默示,地,地位,合约下,作,作出的,承,承诺是,绝,绝对的,责,责任：Paradinev Jane(1647)85ER897,合约承,诺,诺是严,格,格责任,的,的说法,：,：合约,受,受阻（frustration）TaylorvCaldwell(1863)122 ER 309,英国法,律,律不认,同,同不可,抗,抗力可,以,以不履,行,行或延,误,误履行,合,合约的,说,说法，,除,除非有,明,明示条,文,文才会,去,去解释,合,合约并,给,给与双,方,方订约,意,意图.这方面,的,的详尽,解,解释可,参,参阅合约的,解,解释：,规,规则与,应,应用的第十,三,三章。,不可抗,力,力条文,伦敦食,糖,糖商会,拟,拟定的,标,标准格,式,式合约Refined Sugar Association Contract之第17条的不,可,可抗力,条,条文如,下,下：,“ForceMajeure,ShouldEEC legislation,government intervention,ice,war, strikes, rebellion,political or labour-disturbance,civilcommotion,fire,stressofweather,act of GodoranycauseofforceMajeure,(,(whetherornotoflikekind to these beforementioned,),) beyondtheSellerscontrolprevent directly or indirectlywithin thedeliveryperiodstated in thecontract:,(a)the supplyordeliveryinwholeorinpart of thesugarallocatedortobeallocated by theSelleragainstthecontract, or,(b)the means of transportdeclaredortobedeclaredforloadingthesugarand theSellerorhis agent be unabletosupplyothermeansoftransport of equal charactertoenablehim to effectdeliverywithinthe contract period,theSeller shall immediately advisetheBuyerbycableorbyteleprinterofsuchfact andthequantitysoaffectedand thedeliveryperiodshallbeextendedby45days.Ifthe Sellerispreventedfromadvisingimmediatelythrough thecircumstances beyondhiscontrolheshallnotifythe Buyer as soonaspossible,.,. If thedeliveryisstillpreventedbythe endoftheextendedperiod,thecontractshallbevoidforsuchquantitywithout penaltypayableorreceivable.”,不可抗,力,力条文,上述条,文,文对卖,方,方无法,在,在付运,期,期内提,供,供货物,作,作出保,障,障，但,不,不针对,买,买方无,法,法履行,的,的情况,，,，例如,买,买方无,法,法开出,信,信用证,或,或进口,有,有关货,物,物（例,如,如在2004年中国,禁,禁止进,口,口巴西,红,红豆事,件,件，导,致,致大量,中,中国进,口,口商被,国,国际贸,易,易商在,伦,伦敦起,诉,诉并索,赔,赔庞大,金,金额，,多,多家进,口,口商倒,闭,闭）。,这,这种情,况,况即使,涉,涉及天,意,意或政,府,府干预,，,，也通,常,常不会,令,令买卖,合,合约受,阻,阻。,运输风,险,险转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,涉及付,运,运买卖,合,合约的,运,运输风,险,险是在,买,买方(一连串,买,买卖就,是,是最后,一,一位买,方,方）头,上,上，通,常,常货物,装,装船后,卖,卖方对,货,货物的,风,风险就,转,转移给,买,买方。,这,这法律,默,默示地,位,位是根,据,据商人,的,的惯常,做,做法（,由,由买方,投,投保去,转,转移风,险,险或CIF买卖由,卖,卖方交,出,出正本,保,保单）,、,、合理,性,性、可,行,行性与,肯,肯定性: Fraganov.Long,(,(1825)4B&C219。,相关的,法,法律默,示,示条文,之,之一：CIF卖方必,须,须提供,给,给买方,一,一个持,续,续性的,文,文件保,障,障，这,文,文件包,括,括了全,程,程保单,或,或保险,证,证明与,承,承运人,要,要负责,的,的全程,提,提单，,仍,仍让买,方,方可去,向,向保险,人,人或承,运,运人索,赔,赔损失,运,运输所,造,造成的,损,损失。,在,在Hansson vHameland HorleyLtd,(,(1922,),) 2AC36先例，,法,法院判,是,是: “a cifsellermustcoverthebuyerbyprocuring andtenderingdocuments which willbeavailable forhisprotectionforshipmenttodestination,.,.”,运输风,险,险转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,相关的,法,法律默,示,示条文,之,之二：CIF卖方必,须,须提供,给,给买方,一,一份惯,常,常（usual）的全,程,程保单,，,，不论,买,买方是,否,否需要,。,。什么,是,是惯常,保,保单是,根,根据有,关,关的买,卖,卖与贸,易,易，例,如,如只是,投,投保货,物,物全损,会,会对某,些,些货物,是,是惯常,但,但对大,部,部分货,物,物并不,足,足够。,对,对惯常,保,保单的,要,要求也,导,导致其,他,他的不,明,明确，,例,例如是,否,否包括,战,战争险,。,。会有,情,情况是,付,付运时,并,并非是,惯,惯常投,保,保战争,险,险，但,航,航次中,或,或卖方,交,交出文,件,件时变,了,了惯常,：,：C Groom LtdvBarber,(,(1915)1 KB 316。,相关的,法,法律默,示,示条文,之,之三：CFR与FOB买卖下,卖,卖方有,严,严格责,任,任去及,时,时通知,买,买方货,物,物装船,，,，让买,方,方及时,投,投保，,否,否则风,险,险不转,移,移。Wimble, Sons,&,&Co.vRosenberg,(,(1913,),) 3KB743;1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 32(3,),),相关的,法,法律默,示,示条文,之,之四：即使,货,货物主,权,权仍是,由,由卖方,保,保留，,风,风险的,转,转移足,够,够让买,方,方有投,保,保利益,。,。,运输风,险,险转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,相关的,法,法律默,示,示条文,之,之五： 持,续,续性的,文,文件保,障,障针对,付,付运的,要,要求是,：,：(1)正常的,航,航次与,习,习惯性,航,航线；(2)适合的,船,船舶；(3)买方有,法,法律的,权,权利去,针,针对承,运,运人。,CIF卖方必,须,须准备,有,有关货,物,物与租,用,用一艘,适,适合的,船,船舶可,以,以在一,个,个正常,的,的航次,与,与一般,的,的情况,下,下令货,物,物能够,维,维持可,商,商售情,况,况（在1979年货物销,售,售法改为满,意,意情况,）,）直到,卸,卸港。,在,在Evanhelinosv Leslie,&,& Anderson(1920)4LlL Rep17先例，,法,法院判,是,是：,“The sellerswereunderanobligation to shipthe goods in suchaconditionaswouldenable thegoodstoarriveattheirdestinationonanormalvoyage,andundernormal conditions, in merchantablecondition,.,.”,运输风,险,险转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,但这个,默,默示地,位,位必须,与,与由买,方,方承担,运,运输风,险,险的法,律,律地位,协,协调，,因,因此在TheMerciniLady (2011)1 LloydsRep 442先例，,上,上诉庭,判,判：,“theimpliedconditionofsatisfactory qualityappliesonly at thetime of delivery,andisafixedpointorprospectivewarrantyonly,andnot acontinuingone, andthat ishow Mash,&,&Murrell is to be understand,.,.”,这表示CIF卖方只,要,要租用,一,一艘适,合,合船舶(The RioSun,1985, 1Lloyd,sRep,.,.350)，交货,时,时估计,货,货物可,以,以安全,抵,抵达卸,港,港运输,中,中货物,的,的变质,仍,仍是买,方,方的风,险,险。,什么是,习,习惯性,航,航线?买卖合,约,约要求,直,直航但,提,提单有,广,广泛的,自,自由条,文,文或绕,航,航条文,，,，会可,让,让买方,拒,拒单。,但,但买卖,合,合约没,有,有明示,要,要求的,情,情况下,，,，地位,不,不明确,。,。有说,法,法是普,通,通法与海牙规,则,则已明确,针,针对不,合,合理绕,航,航，没,有,有必要,再,再去让,买,买方拒,单,单。,运输风,险,险转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,相关的,法,法律默,示,示条文,之,之六:即使在,运,运输途,中,中货物,已,已经知,道,道全损,或,或失去,，,，买方,还,还是必,须,须向卖,方,方支付,货,货款: ManbreSaccharine Co.Ltd,.,. v,.,. CornProducts Co.Ltd,.,. (1919)1 KB 198;The Salem (1982)1 LloydsRep.369。,明示条,文,文改变,风,风险转,移,移带来,的,的争议,例子一：条文,说,说货价,的,的支付,最,最终以,卸,卸港的,交,交货量,作,作出调,整,整（Seng vGlencoreGrain,1996, 1Lloyd,sRep396）或是,卸,卸港发,生,生短卸,，,，卖方,要,要退还,有,有关货,款,款（Produce BrokersNew Company,1924, Ltdv Wray, Sanderson,&,& Co.Ltd,1931, 39 TLR257）等。,例子二：合约,规,规定了,货,货物抵,达,达卸港,日,日期（The,“,“Wise,”,” 19891 LloydsRep 96），甚,至,至使用,了,了卖方,保,保证等,措,措辞（The,“,“Julia”,194982Lloyd,sRep270），或,订,订明货,物,物到达,卸,卸港才,支,支付全,部,部或余,额,额货款,（,（DupontvBritish South AfricaCo.,1901, 18 TLR24）。,例子三：合约,规,规定在,卸,卸港对,货,货物进,行,行共同,检,检查。,货物主,权,权转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 12(1,),)默示卖,方,方有权,去,去出售,货,货物，,显,显示了,卖,卖方必,须,须有货,物,物主权,。,。,Section 12(2,),)(a,),)与Section 12(4,),)默示货,物,物没有,订,订约前,不,不告诉,买,买方的,押,押记与,债,债务。,Section 12(2,),)(b,),)与Section 12(5,),)默示买,方,方可以,宁,宁静享,用,用货物,。,。,货物主,权,权转移,的,的重要,性,性：对,货,货物的,权,权利（rightsinrem)与对人,的,的权利,（,（rightsinpersonam)的分别,。,。针对,侵,侵占货,物,物的立,法,法：1977年Torts,(,(Interferencewith Goods)Act,。买卖,双,双方破,产,产带来,的,的风险,。,。英国,法,法律没,有,有刻意,去,去针对,买,买卖双,方,方其中,一,一方欺,诈,诈的风,险,险。,货物主,权,权转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 17针对现,货,货，货,物,物主权,从,从卖方,转,转移去,买,买方是,完,完全根,据,据双方,的,的订约,意,意图。,保,保留货,权,权条文,之,之“Romalpa Clause”。,Section 18 Rule5针对将,来,来货物,（,（付运,买,买卖的,货,货物）,主,主权转,让,让：,(1)Wherethereisa contract forthesaleofunascertained or futuregoodsbydescription,and goods of thatdescriptionand in adeliverablestateareunconditionallyappropriatedtothecontract, eitherbytheseller withthe assentofthebuyerorbythe buyer withthe assentoftheseller,thepropertyinthe goods thenpasses to thebuyer;and theassentmay be expressorimplied,and maybegiveneitherbefore or after theappropriation is made,.,.,(2)Where,inpursuance of thecontract,the sellerdeliversthegoodstothe buyer or to acarrierorotherbaileeorcustodier (whether named by thebuyerornot,),) forthepurposeoftransmissiontothe buyer,anddoesnotreservetherightofdisposal, he is to be taken to haveunconditionally appropriatedthegoodstothe contract.,货物主,权,权转移,的,的法律,默,默示地,位,位,付运买,卖,卖的卖,方,方通过,签,签发不,记,记名提,单,单显示,他,他保留,处,处置货,物,物的权,利,利。1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 19(2,),)规定“wheregoodsareshipped,and by thebill of ladingthegoodsare deliverable to theorderoftheseller or hisagent,the sellerisprimafacietobetakentoreserve therightofdisposal.,”,”卖方通,常,常只会,在,在信用,证,证结汇,或,或向买,方,方交单,时,时可以,取,取得货,款,款才会,在,在提单,背,背书与,交,交出货,物,物主权,给,给买方,。,。FOB买卖下,签,签发不,记,记名提,单,单也有,同,同样结,果,果: Mitsui,&,& Co.LtdvFlotaMercanteGrancolombianaSA,(,(1988)1WLR1145。付运,买,买卖下,货,货物风,险,险的转,移,移与货,物,物主权,的,的转移,并,并不一,致,致。,付运买,卖,卖如果,卖,卖方签,发,发记名,提,提单或,海,海运单,会,会被视,为,为是无,条,条件划,归,归（unconditionallyappropriated）并把,货,货物主,权,权转移,给,给买方,。,。卖方,会,会需要,在,在买卖,合,合约中,有,有Romalpa Clause才能保,留,留货权,。,。,货物是,否,否对版,、,、质量,与,与适合,性,性的默,示,示法律,地,地位/,条文,针对现,货,货，法,律,律默示,地,地位是,买,买方自,己,己小心,（,（caveatemptor）。这,是,是因为,除,除非卖,方,方涉及,了,了误述,或,或其他,不,不法行,为,为（这,法,法律另,有,有默示,地,地位针,对,对），,买,买家自,己,己小心,是,是合理,与,与实际,的,的说法,。,。,针对将,来,来货物,，,，法律,默,默示地,位,位是卖,方,方将来,交,交付货,物,物时有,针,针对货,物,物是否,对,对版、,质,质量与,适,适合性,的,的以下,保,保证或,默,默示条,件,件条文,：,：,1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 13(1,),)：“Wherethereisacontractforthe saleofgoodsbydescription, there is an impliedthatthegoodswillcorrespond withthe description.”Section 13(2,),)对根据,样,样品进,行,行买卖,有,有同样,的,的要求,。,。,货物是,否,否对版,、,、质量,与,与适合,性,性的默,示,示法律,地,地位,针对将,来,来货物,，,，法律,默,默示地,位,位是卖,方,方将来,交,交付货,物,物时有,针,针对货,物,物是否,对,对版、,质,质量与,适,适合性,的,的以下,保,保证或,默,默示条,件,件条文,：,：,1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 14(2,),):,Wheretheseller sells goods in thecourseofabusiness,thereisanimpliedterm thatthe goods supplied under thecontractareofsatisfactory quality,.,.,(2A,),)For thepurposesofthis Act,goodsare of satisfactoryquality if theymeetthestandardthata reasonableperson would regardassatisfactory, takingaccount of anydescriptionofthegoods, theprice,(,(ifrelevant,),) andallthe other relevant circumstances,.,.,(2B,),)For thepurposesofthis Act,the qualityofgoodsincludestheirstateand conditionandthe following,(,(amongothers)areinappropriatecasesaspectsofthequalityofgoods,(a)fitness forallthe purposes forwhichgoodsofthekindinquestionarecommonlysupplied,(b)appearance andfinish,(c)freedom fromminordefects,(d)safety, and,(e)durability.,Thetermimplied by subsection,(,(2,),) above doesnot extendtoanymatter makingthequalityofgoodsunsatisfactory,(a)whichisspecificallydrawntothe buyersattention beforethecontractismade,(b)wherethebuyerexaminesthe goods beforethecontractismade,whichthatexaminationoughttoreveal, or,(c)inthecaseofa contract forsale by sample,whichwouldhavebeen apparent on areasonableexaminationofthesample.,货物是,否,否对版,、,、质量,与,与适合,性,性的默,示,示法律,地,地位,针对将,来,来货物,，,，法律,默,默示地,位,位是卖,方,方将来,交,交付货,物,物时有,针,针对货,物,物是否,对,对版、,质,质量与,适,适合性,的,的以下,保,保证或,默,默示条,件,件条文,：,：,1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 14(3,),):,Wheretheseller sells goods in thecourseofabusinessandthe buyer,expresslyorbyimplication, makes known,(a)totheseller,or,(b)wherethepurchasepriceorpartofitispayable by instalments andthegoodswerepreviously soldbyacredit,-,-broker to theseller, to thatcredit-broker,anyparticularpurpose forwhichthegoodsare being bought,thereisanimpliedthat thegoodssuppliedunderthecontractare reasonablyfit forthat purpose, whetherornot thatisapurpose forwhichsuch goods arecommonlysupplied,except where thecircumstances showthatthebuyerdoesnotrely,orthatitisunreasonablefor himtorely,ontheskillorjudgmentofthe sellerorcredit,-,-broker.,货物是,否,否对版,、,、质量,与,与适合,性,性的默,示,示法律,地,地位,为减低,默,默示条,件,件条文,的,的苛刻,性,性，1979年货物销,售,售法加入了,“,“deminimis”的说法,，,，但这,也,也带来,一,一定程,度,度的不,肯,肯定。Section 15A,(,(1),-,-(3,),)规定：,1)Whereinthecaseofa contract of sale,(a)thebuyerwould, apart fromthissubsection,have therighttorejectgoodsbyreason of abreach on thepart of thesellerofaterm impliedbysection13,14or15（这是,针,针对将,来,来货物,以,以样品,买,买卖）above,but,(b)thebreach is so slightthat it would be unreasonableforhim to rejectthem,then,ifthebuyerdoesnotdealasconsumer,the breachisnottobetreatedasa breachofconditionbut maybetreated as abreach of warranty.,(2)This sectionappliesunlessacontraryintentionappearsin,oristobeimpliedfrom,thecontract,.,.,(3)Itisforthe sellertoshow thatabreachfellwithinsubsection,(,(1),(,(b)above,.,.,货物是,否,否对版,、,、质量,与,与适合,性,性的默,示,示法律,地,地位,条件条,文,文（不,论,论是明,示,示或默,示,示）苛,刻,刻性在,于,于受害,方,方（买,方,方）可,以,以索赔,损,损失外,，,，另有,选,选择权,去,去终止,合,合约。,由,由于商,品,品买卖,涉,涉及高,昂,昂的金,额,额与市,场,场波动,很,很大，,导,导致精,明,明的买,方,方有了,权,权力去,终,终止合,约,约肯定,会,会在适,当,当时机,（,（主要,是,是市场,下,下跌或,是,是卖方,可,可以欺,负,负）去,行,行使。,条件条,文,文除了,在,在1979年货物销,售,售法的规定,外,外，在,普,普通法,不,不存在,进,进一步,的,的“deminimis”的区,分,分。,精明的,买,买方在,适,适当时,机,机去终,止,止合约,通,通常就,是,是通过,拒,拒货，,拒,拒货的,理,理由主,要,要是卖,方,方违反,了,了上述,的,的默示,条,条件条,文,文。例,如,如买方,可,可以根,据,据倒签,提,提单（,即,即使已,经,经顺利,结,结汇，,这,这会是,买,买方还,不,不知道,倒,倒签，,或,或结汇,时,时商品,市,市场还,是,是平稳,）,）为由,拒,拒货，,因,因为货,物,物不符,合,合描述,：,：Bowesv Shand (1877)2 App.Cas.455,.,.,货物是,否,否对版,、,、质量,与,与适合,性,性的默,示,示法律,地,地位,但是通,常,常货物,是,是否有,满,满意质,量,量与适,合,合性是,需,需要提,供,供买方,一,一个合,理,理机会,检,检查货,物,物才能,确,确定。,这,这一个,默,默示法,律,律地位,是,是在1979年货物销,售,售法之Section 34有规定,：,：,Unlessotherwise agreed,whentheseller tendersdeliveryofgoodstothe buyer,heisboundonrequest to affordthebuyerareasonable opportunity of examiningthegoodsfor thepurpose of ascertainingwhether theyare in conformitywiththecontract,F34and,inthe caseofacontractforsalebysample, of comparingthebulkwith thesample,.,.,在国际,货,货物买,卖,卖，这,合,合理机,会,会通常,只,只会在,卸,卸港而,不,不在装,港,港（例,如,如货物,有,有包装,或,或要求,买,买方去,装,装港检,查,查不合,理,理与不,实,实际）,。,。,但在卸,港,港检查,后,后被拒,货,货，往,往,往会给,外,外国卖,方,方带来,巨,巨大的,损,损失，,或,或被买,方,方敲竹,杠,杠。因,此,此国际,货,货物买,卖,卖合约,中,中越来,越,越多会,加,加入一,条,条装港,检,检查为,终,终条文,。,。这在合约的,解,解释：,规,规则与,应,应用一书第,十,十四章,之,之1.5段有详,细,细介绍,。,。有不,少,少国际,贸,贸易商,作,作为卖,方,方坚持,这,这种条,文,文。,时间规,定,定是否,重,重要,英国法,律,律的默,示,示地位,是,是时间,规,规定不,视,视为是,重,重要，,不,不是条,件,件条文,，,，除非,：,：合约,明,明示规,定,定是重,要,要；合,约,约的性,质,质与周,边,边环境,显,显示时,间,间是重,要,要。这,在,在合约的,解,解释：,规,规则与,应,应用一书第,十,十章有,详,详细介,绍,绍。,在The,“,“Hongkong Fir”,(,(1961,),) 2Lloyd,sRep478中，贵,族,族院创,立,立出一,种,种新的,中,中间条,文,文，这,使,使得时,间,间规定,是,是否重,要,要变得,更,更加不,肯,肯定。,BungevTradaxSA,(,(1981,),) 2Lloyd,sRep1先例，,贵,贵族院,明,明确了,商,商业合,约,约的时,间,间规定,被,被视为,重,重要: In mercantilecontracts,whereitisofimportance thatthe partiesshould knowprecisely whattheirobligationsare andbeable to actwith confidenceinthe legal resultsoftheiractions,the courtswill readilyconstrueastipulationastotime as acondition of thecontract。,时间规,定,定是否,重,重要,国际货,物,物买卖,合,合约中,的,的时间,规,规定被,视,视为是,重,重要：,指定装,港,港、卸,港,港的时,间,间：BungevTradax,(,(1981)2 LLR1,指定船,舶,舶的时,间,间,货物付,运,运的时,间,间：Bowesv Shand (1877)2 App.Cas.455,;,;Ashmore &Son v,.,. CSCox,&,&Co.,(,(1899,),) 1QB436(延长付,运,运期条,文,文的重,要,要，倒,签,签提单,的,的恶习,与,与愚蠢,行,行为）,船舶预,计,计抵达,装,装港或,卸,卸港通,知,知的时,间,间：Nova PetroleumInt,lEstablishmentv.TriconTradingLtd,.,. (1989)1 LLR312,开出信,用,用证的,时,时间：Bungev.VegetableVitamin,(,(1985)1LLR613;SohioSupplyCo,.,. v,.,. Gatoil,(,(1989)1LLR588,时间规,定,定是否,重,重要,国际货,物,物买卖,合,合约中,的,的时间,规,规定被,视,视为是,重,重要：,作出不,可,可抗力,事,事项（,如,如果合,约,约有不,可,可抗力,条,条文）,通,通知的,时,时间,作出划,归,归/装船通,知,知的时,间,间：ThePostChaser,(,(1981,),) 2LLR 695,提出货,损,损时限,与,与其他,通,通知：BremervVanden,(,(1978,),) 2LLR 109（时间,规,规定是,否,否重要,的,的3个重要,指,指引）,交出合,法,法与有,效,效付运,单,单证给,买,买方或,结,结汇的,时,时间或,法,法律默,示,示的尽,快,快交出: Sandersv.Maclean,(,(1883)11QBD 317;Sharpe (C )Co,.,. Ltd.v.Nosawa (1917)2 KB 814;Concordia v,.,. Richco,(,(1991)1LLR475,买卖合,约,约时间,规,规定是,重,重要的,例,例外,1979年货物销,售,售法有关买,方,方支付,货,货款的,时,时间规,定,定之Section 10(1,),)：,“Unless adifferent intentionappears fromthe terms of thecontract,stipulations as to timeofpaymentarenot of theessence of acontractofsale.,”,”,但根据Section 48(3,),)，卖方,可,可以作,出,出通知,使,使得时,间,间变为,重,重要:,“Wherethegoodsare of aperishablenature, or where theunpaidseller gives noticetothebuyerofhis intentiontore-sell,andthe buyer doesnot withina reasonabletimepayortender theprice,the unpaidsellermay re-sellthe goods andrecover fromthe original buyer damagesfor anyloss occasionedbyhis breachofcontract.,”,”,这方面,的,的详尽,解,解释可,参,参阅合约的,解,解释：,规,规则与,应,应用的第十,章,章。,买卖合,约,约时间,规,规定是,重,重要的,例,例外,装卸时,间,间的延,误,误，很,难,难想象,法,法律会,默,默示这,是,是重要,，,，因为,是,是完全,不,不合理,、,、不现,实,实与无,法,法操作,。,。现实,中,中买卖,合,合约同,意,意固定,装,装卸时,间,间，就,会,会同时,同,同意滞,期,期费。,滞,滞期费,是,是议定,损,损失，,这,这等于,买,买卖双,方,方已经,约,约定了,这,这种时,间,间规定,的,的违约,的,的救济,或,或后果,。,。,如果没,有,有固定,装,装卸时,间,间规定,，,，法律,默,默示是FOB卖方或CIF买方必,须,须在合,理,理时间,内,内完成,装,装卸作,业,业。至,于,于合理,时,时间是,多,多长，,这,这是根,据,据事实,的,的默示,（,（implied by facts）。即,使,使没有,去,去同意,滞,滞期费,，,，法律,也,也不会,默,默示超,出,出了合,理,理时间,是,是重要,，,，会只,是,是作出,延,延误损,失,失赔偿,的,的救济,。,。,Jupiter条文对,货,货源不,稳,稳定装,港,港的重,要,要性,买卖合,约,约的其,他,他法律,默,默示地,位,位,英国法,律,律下无,数,数的有,关,关国际,货,货物/商品买,卖,卖的先,例,例对会,出,出现的,千,千变万,化,化并且,没,没有明,示,示条文,规,规定的,情,情况都,有,有了说,法,法，这,也,也就是,法,法律默,示,示的地,位,位。,例子一：FOB买方派,遣,遣的船,舶,舶必须,在,在抵达,与,与备妥,装,装货时,向,向卖方,作,作出准,备,备就绪,通,通知（NOR），但,形,形式不,拘,拘，卖,方,方才有,责,责任开,始,始装货,并,并在固,定,定装货,时,时间与,付,付运期,内,内完成,装,装货。,可,可参阅合约的,解,解释：,规,规则与,应,应用第七章,之,之10.1段，履,约,约需要,对,对方先,给,给通知,。,。,例子二：FOB卖方或CIF,/,/CFR买方不,得,得不合,作,作或犯,错,错导致,对,对方无,法,法履行,。,。例如,，,，船舶,进,进不了,装,装港或,卸,卸港：The,“,“Aello”,(,(1960)1Lloyds Rep623。可参,阅,阅合约的,解,解释：,规,规则与,应,应用第七章,之,之10.2与10.3段。,买卖合,约,约的其,他,他法律,默,默示地,位,位,例子三：国际,商,商会的Incoterms(2000,),)(latest2010)基本是,与,与英国,法,法律的,默,默示地,位,位一致,，,，是否,被,被明示,合,合并在,买,买卖合,约,约并不,重,重要，,只,只要该,买,买卖合,约,约的适,用,用法是,英,英国法,，,，就会,有,有更全,面,面与详,尽,尽的默,示,示地位,。,。,针对FOB与CIF，Incoterms,(,(2000,),)之A5条文有,关,关风险,转,转移是“the sellermust,subject to theprovisions of B5,bear allrisksofloss of or damagetothegoodsuntilsuchtime as theyhavepassedthe ship,srail at thenamedport of shipment.”与B5条文（CIF）“the buyer mustbearallrisksoflossofordamagetothe goods fromthe timetheyhave passedtheships railatthe named portofshipment,.,.”,雇佣合,约,约,1/16/2020,法律的,默,默示：,雇佣合,约,约,限制商,贸,贸/就业契,约,约/条文（restraincovenant）,商业竞,争,争激烈,一般不,能,能执行,，,，除非,是,是合理,有关的,“,“约因/对价”,（,（consideration）,职务的,高,高低,双方的,谈,谈判力,量,量,1/16/2020,法律的,默,默示：雇佣合,约,约,机密义,务,务,FaccendaChicken Ltdv Fowler,(,(1987)Ch,.,. 117先例,三类资,料,料,本质上,轻,轻微或,是,是可以,轻,轻易从,公,公开资,料,料找到，不会被,当,当作是,机,机密资,料,料,第二种,类,类的资,料,料是员,工,工在职,时,时，掌,握,握这些,资,资料时,必,必须以,机,机密对,待,待，不,得,得外泄，但一掌,握,握后，,这,这些资,料,料也变,了,了是该,员,员工的“技术与,知,知识”(skilland knowledge)一部份,第三种,类,类的资,料,料是特,定,定的商,业,业机密/秘密，,只,只能是,由,由原雇,主,主享有,，,，则离,职,职员工,仍,仍不能,去,去外泄,双方有,一,一个“,相,相互信,任,
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