《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件

Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level, 2007 Thomson South-Western, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style, 2007 Thomson South-Western, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Summary, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master title style, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level, 2007 Thomson South-Western, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master title style, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Summary, 2007 Thomson South-Western,Click to edit Master title style, 2007 Thomson South-Western,P,R,I,N,C,I,P,L,E,S O,F,E,C,O,N,O,M,I,C,S,F,O,U,R,T,H E,D,I,T,I,O,N, 2006 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved,N. G,R,E,G,O,R,Y M,A,N,K,I,W,PowerPoint,Slides,by Kathryn Nantz and Laurence Miners,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,CHAPTER 23,MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件,曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件Measuring a Nations IncomeMicroeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.,Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.,曼昆经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件曼昆,Measuring a Nation,s Income,Microeconomics,is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.,Macroeconomics,is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.,Measuring a Nations IncomeMic,Measuring a Nation,s Income,Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:,Why is average income high in some countries and low in others?,Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?,Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?,Measuring a Nations IncomeMac,THE ECONOMY,S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE,When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.,THE ECONOMYS INCOME AND EXPEN,THE ECONOMY,S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE,For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:,Every transaction has a buyer and a seller.,Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.,THE ECONOMYS INCOME AND EXPEN,Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram,Spending,Goods and,services,bought,Revenue,Goods,and services,sold,Labor, land,and capital,Income,= Flow of inputs,and outputs,= Flow of dollars,Factors of,production,Wages, rent,and profit,FIRMS,Produce and sell,goods and services,Hire and use factors,of production,Buy and consume,goods and services,Own and sell factors,of production,HOUSEHOLDS,Households sell,Firms buy,MARKETS,FOR,FACTORS OF PRODUCTION,Firms sell,Households buy,MARKETS,FOR,GOODS AND SERVICES,Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Dia,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT,Gross domestic product,(GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.,GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMES,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT,The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMES,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT,“,GDP is the Market Value . . .,”,Output is valued at market prices.,“,. . . Of All. . .,”,Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets,“,. . . Final . . .,”,It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).,“,. . . Goods and Services . . .,”,It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMES,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT,“,. . . Produced . . .,”,It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.,“,. . . Within a Country . . .,”,It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.,“,. . . In a Given Period of Time.,”,It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months).,THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMES,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.,What Is Not Counted in GDP?,GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.,It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP GDP incl,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,GDP (,Y,) is the sum of the following:,Consumption,(,C,),Investment,(,I,),Government Purchases,(,G,),Net Exports,(,NX,),Y = C + I + G + NX,THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP (Y) i,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,Consumption,(C),:,The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.,Investment,(I),:,The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.,THE COMPONENTS OF GDPConsumpti,THE COMPONENTS OF GDP,Government Purchases,(G),:,The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments.,Does,not,include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.,Net Exports,(NX):,Exports minus imports.,THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGovernmen,Table 1 GDP and Its Components,Table 1 GDP and Its Components,GDP and Its Components (2004),Consumption,70%,Government Purchases,15%,Net Exports,-5 %,Investment,16%,GDP and Its Components (2004)C,REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP,Nominal GDP,values the production of goods and services at,current prices,.,Real GDP,values the production of goods and services at,constant prices,.,REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDPNominal,REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP,An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.,REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDPAn accu,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,The GDP Deflator,The,GDP deflator,is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.,It tells us what portion of the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.,The GDP DeflatorThe GDP deflat,The GDP Deflator,The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:,The GDP Deflator,The GDP Deflator,Nominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:,The GDP Deflator,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP,Figure 2 Real GDP in the United States,Billions of,2000 Dollars,$10,000,9,000,8,000,7,000,6,000,5,000,4,000,3,000,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,2000,1995,2005,2,000,Figure 2 Real GDP in the Unite,IS GDP A GOOD MEASURE OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING?,GDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society.,GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy.,Higher GDP per person indicates a higher standard of living.,GDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life, however.,IS GDP A GOOD MEASURE OF ECONO,GDP AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING,Some things that contribute to well-being are not included in GDP.,The value of leisure.,The value of a clean environment.,The value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets, such as the value of the time parents spend with their children and the value of volunteer work.,GDP AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEINGSo,Table 3 GDP and the Quality of Life,Table 3 GDP and the Quality of,Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.,Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy,s total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services.,Because every transaction has,GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.,GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.,GDP is the market value of all,Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy,s production. Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economy,s production of goods and services.,The GDP deflator,calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP,measures the level of prices in the economy.,Nominal GDP uses current price,GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher to lower incomes.,It is not a perfect measure of well-being because some things, such as leisure time and a clean environment, are not measured by GDP.,GDP is a good measure of econo,Dollar figures from different points in time do not represent a valid comparison of purchasing power.,Various laws and private contracts use price indexes to correct for the effects of inflation.,The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.,Dollar figures from different,谢谢大家！,结 语,谢谢大家！ 结 语,