the defination of culture (文化的定义)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2014/11/6,#,The Definition of Culture,cultures is a,concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator Cicero:,culture,animi (cultivation of the soul,).,in the 17th century,it refers,to the betterment or refinement of individuals, especially through education,.,During the 18th and 19th century it came to refer more frequently to the common reference points of whole peoples, and discussion of the term was often connected to national aspirations or ideals,.,In the 20th century, culture emerged as a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of human phenomena that cannot be directly attributed to genetic inheritance,Specifically,it,means the,distinct ways that people, who live differently, classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively,.,from wikipedia,culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,、,customs,、,values,、,behaviours,、,institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people,.,from ,Opinions of,S,ome Famous People,E. Sapir, 1921,“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks.”,R. Benedict, 1935,“What really binds men together is their culture the ideas and the standards they have in common.”,Edward T. Hall, 1959,“Culture is mans medium; there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express theirselves(including show of their emotion). The way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planed and laid out, how transportation systems function and organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.”,D. Brown, 1978,“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.”,G. Hofstede, 2001,“I tread culture as the collective programming of the mid that distinguishes the member of one group category of people from another. The mind stands for the head, heart and hands -that is for thinking, feeling, and acting, with consequences for belief , attitudes, and skills.”,看看那些年政治课本上对文化的定义,文化是相对于政治、经济而言的人类全部精神活动及其产品。其中既包括世界观、人生观、价值观等具有意识形态性质的部分，又包括自然科学和技术、语言和文字等具有非意识形态的部分。,“文化”一词在实际运用中具有多义性。在有些场合，人们用“文化”一词来区分自然现象和社会现象、区分自然界的物质运动和人的活动，把人类改造世界的一切活动及其创造的物质成果和精神成果都称为“文化”。例如，考古学中讲的“文化”就是这种广义的文化。在有些场合，“文化”一词又被用来专指文学艺术和科学知识，或指人们受教育的程度，这些都是狭义的“文化”。我们所讲的“文化生活”中的“文化”，发展中国特色社会主义的“文化”，是同经济、政治相区别、相对应的，它即,不同,于那种广义的“文化”，也不同于那种狭义的“文化”。,