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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,9.,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2009,*,Chapter 12,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2021,1,Market Risk VaR: Historical Simulation Approach,12.1 The Methodology,Historical simulation,involves,using past data as a guide to what will happen in the future,.,Suppose that we want to calculate,VaR,for a portfolio using,a one-day time horizon,a 99% confidence level, and,501 days of data.,The time horizon and confidence level are those typically used for a market risk VaR calculation; 501 is a popular choice for the number of days of data used because it leads to,500 scenarios,being created.,The steps of historical simulation approach,The first step is to identify the market variables affecting the portfolio,these will typically be exchange rates, equity prices, interest rates and so on.,Data are then collected on movements in these market variables over the most recent 501 days.,this provided,500 alternative scenarios,for what can happen between today and tomorrow.,For each scenario, the dollar change in the value of the portfolio between today and tomorrow is calculated.,This defines a probability distribution for,daily loss,( gains are negative losses) in the value of our portfolio.,The 99th percentile of the distribution can be estimated as the fifth-worst loss,( there are alternatives here, a case can be made for using the fifth-worst loss, the sixth-worst loss, or an average of the two).,The estimate of VaR is the loss when we are at this 99th percentile point.,Algebraically expression of the approach,Define v,i,as the value of a market variable on day i and suppose that today is day n. the ith scenario in the historical simulation approach assumes that the value of the market variable tomorrow will be:,Value under ith scenario=v,n,*v,i,/v,i-1,(12.1),Illustration,To illustrate the calculations underlying the approach, suppose that an investor owns, on September 25, 2021, a portfolio worth $10 million consisting of investments in four stock indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Average(DJIA) in the US, the FTSE 100 in the UK, the CAC 40 in France, and the Nikkei 225 in Japan.,对表12.3的相关说明市场变量在2021年9月26日对于选定情形的取值,情形1假定9月25日至26日的市场价格百分比变化等同于2006年8月7日至8月8日之间市场价格的百分比变化。情形1是市场变量2021年9月26日的一种取值形式。,情形2假定9月25日至26日的市场价格百分比变化等同于2006年8月8日至8月9日之间市场价格的百分比变化，情形2也是市场变量在2021年9月26日的一种取值形式。,以此类推，情形i假定9月25日至9月26日的市场价格百分比变化等同于第i-1天与第i天的百分比变化(1i500),情形i定义了市场变量在2021年9月26日的一种取值形式。,情形,1,下组合资产价值的计算,情形,1,下组合的收益为,21.502,千美元，即,-21.502,千美元的损失。,结论：,1,天展望期,99%,的置信水平下，,VaR,为,247 571,美元。,因为,1,天展望期,99%,置信水平下的,VaR,为,247 571,美元，所以,10,天展望期,99%,置信水平下的,VaR,等于：,美元,12.2 Accuracy,(page 184-185),Suppose that,x,is the,q,th quantile of the loss distribution when it is estimated from,n,observations. The standard error of,x,is,where,f,(,x,) is an estimate of the probability density of the loss at the,q,th quantile calculated by assuming a probability distribution for the loss,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2021,15,Example 12.1,(page 184),We estimate the 0.01-quantile from 500 observations as $25 million,We estimate,f,(,x,) by approximating the actual empirical distribution with a normal distribution mean zero and standard deviation $10 million,The 0.01 quantile of the approximating distribution is NORMINV(0.01,0,10) = 23.26 and the value of,f,(,x,) is NORMDIST(23.26,0,10,FALSE)=0.0027,The estimate of the standard error is therefore,Risk Management and Financial Institutions 2e, Chapter 12, Copyright John C. Hull 2021,16,Example 12.1 continued,A,95% confidence interval is from 25-1.96*1.67 to 25+1.96*1.67, that is, from $21.7 million to $28.3 million.,The end,
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