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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,二级,三级,四级,五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,二级,三级,四级,五级,V-ing,形式,一,.,含义,动词的,-ing,形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，不能单独充当谓语。,二,.,构成,1.,构成,:,动词原形,+-ing,2.,规则,:,一般情况，直接,+ing;,以不发音的,e,结尾，去,e+ing;,以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母再加,ing;,以,ie,结尾，变,ie,为,y,，,+ing,，例：,die,，,dying,；,lie,，,lying.,关键词,：含义,构成,特征,分类,成分,用法,形式,运用,三,.,特征,1.,动词的,-ing,形式,具有名词、形容词和副词,等词的特点,.,2.,动词的,-ing,形式由动词变来,所以,保留了动词,的某些特征,如它可以有自己的宾语,状语等,.,He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading.,四,.,分类,1.,动名词,:,动词的,-ing,形式相当于名词在句中的用法,.,2.,现在分词,:,具有动词的特征，可以表示一个正在进行的、主动的动作,.,小结：,doing,为非谓语动词，由,do,原形,+ing,构成，不能单独充当谓语,可以充当,1.,主语,2.,宾语,3.,表语,4.,定语,5.,状语,6.,宾语补足语。,doing,现在分词,动名词,具有名词，动词的特性,具有,adj.,，,adv.,的特性,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,动名词,现在分词,成分,形式,做主语和宾语的肯定是,_,；,做状语和宾补的肯定是,_,。,Examples:,1)Seeing is believing.,(,动名词做主语和宾语,),2)Be careful while crossing the street.,(,现在分词做时间状语,),3)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.,(,现在分词做宾语补足语,),动名词,现在分词,1.,做,主语,例句呈现：,1.Since then,finding ways,to grow more rice has been his life goal.,2.,Spending money,on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him.,3.Just,dreaming for things,however, costs nothing.,五,.,用法,：,小结,：,1,特征：,单个的动词,-ing,形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。,2.,句型：,1,）,doing,作,主语句型：,Doing . + V + O,2,）,但有些含有动名词的句型，为避免句子主语太长，通常用,it,作,形式主语,，,-ing,形式作真正的主语。下面列举几种最常见的句型：,Eg. It,s no use crying over spilt,（倾倒出）,milk., It +be +no good /use doing,做,无益,/,无用,It,s a waste of time thinking hard about the past.,It +be +a waste of time doing,做,是浪费时间,The book is worth reading.,It +be +worth doing ,做,值得,There is no harm in doing so.,There +be +no +n. +in +doing ,做,没有,2.,作,宾语,(,动词宾语和介词宾语）,He finished,reading the book yesterday,.,I,enjoy,learning English.,(,动词宾语）,I am fond,of,watching TV.,（介词宾语,）,动词,+,宾语,只接doing,只接to do,doing和to do皆可，意义,区别很大,doing和to do皆可，意义,区别不大,以下动词须用,doing,做宾语,1),记忆口诀：,双,P,延期,两建议,否认,错过了,练习,考虑,完成,不耽搁,喜欢,设想,不介意,面对,坚持,不放弃,避免,冒险,请原谅,对应单词：,postpone, put off, suggest, advise,deny, miss, practice,consider, finish, delay,fancy, enjoy, appreciate, imagine,mind,face, insist on, give up,avoid, risk, excuse, forgive,2)need, require, want + doing,= need to be don,注意,:,主动表被动,动词,want,，,need,，,require,作“需要”解时，后面的动词用动名词作宾语时，且与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，这个动名词的主动式表示被动意义。,3)give up, can,t help, look forward, have,trouble . +doing,Eg1. My coat needs,washing.,=My coat needs to be washed.,Eg2. I look forward to,receiving,your letter.,下列动词常以动词不定式（,to do,）作宾语。,三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝,设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择,hope; wish; want ; agree; promise,demand; ask; refuse,manage; learn; decide,pretend ; choose,想要拒绝命令,需要努力学习,期望同意帮助,希望决定开始。,want ; refuse ; order,need; try ; learn,expect ; agree ; help,hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start,有些动词既可接,-ing,，又可接,to do,作宾语,区别不是很大。,like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, etc.,He likes singing.,He likes to sing.,1)I must remember to take my notebook with me.,I remember seeing her somewhere before.,remember to do sth.,记得要做某事。,remember doing sth.,记得做过某事。,类似词：,forget, regret, mean, stop, try, etc.,有些动词后既可以接,doing,又可以接,to do,作宾语,意思上有,明显差别,：,2) I forgot to post the letter.,I forgot posting the letter.,forget to do sth.,忘记要做某事。,forget doing sth.,忘记做过某事。,3) I regret to tell you that you can,t work here any more.,I regret not taking your advice.,regret to do sth,对马上要发生的事抱歉、遗憾，常和,say, tell, inform,等词连用。,regret doing sth,.,后悔做过某事。,4) I did not mean to hurt you.,That means giving up my job.,mean to do sth.:,有,的意图，打算，想,mean doing sth.:,意味着,5) He stopped to sing.,He stopped singing.,stop to do sth.:,停下来正在做的事，去做另一件事。,stop doing sth.:,停止正在做的事情。,6) We must try to get everything done on time.,Let,s try doing the work some other way.,try to do sth.:,设法、努力做某事,try doing sth.:,尝试做某事,7,）,He said nothing but just went on working.,After her early teaching career she went on to become a doctor.,go on doing sth.,继续做同一件事,go on to do sth.(,做完某事,),接着做另一件事,8,）,I can,t help to finish her work, because I haven,t finished mine yet.,I can,t help crying when I heard the news.,can,t help to do sth.,不能帮助做某事,can,t help doing sth.,情不自禁做某事,Complete these sentences:,1. If you can keep _(read) English newspapers, your English will be improved.,2. He has promised _(come) to my birthday party.,3. I hate _(tell) lies!,4. * I will never forget _(go) to Beijing with him last summer.,* I forgot _(tell) her the news; so she knew nothing about it.,reading,to come,telling/to tell,going,to tell,3.,作,表语,His job is teaching English.,=,teaching English is his job.,She is washing the dishes.,Washing the dishes is she.,动名词做表语,现在分词做表语,现在分词与动名词做表语的区别：,动名词做表语表示主语内容，主语表语可交换位置；现在分词做表语说明主语的性质，特征，主语和表语不可交换位置。,Practice,：,1)Learning is my duty.,2)The news is encouraging.,动名词做表语,现在分词做表语,4.,作,定语,a. the,laughing,audience / an,amusing,story,Dustin Hoffman is famous for his role,acting as a woman.,(,短语,后置,）,The girl,singing on the stage,is my sister.,Compare,The,amusing,play = the play,that is amusing.,The girl,singing on the stage,= The girl,who,is singing on the stage.,现在分词与动名词作定语的区别,现在分词,单独,做定语时，放在所修饰的名词,说明其修饰名词的,动作，性质或特征,它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的,主动,关系，且可以转换成,定语从句,；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的,功能或用途,，一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之,_,，可以转换成,for,短语，表示,“,供作,.,之用,”,。,前,前,a,walking,stick,(a stick for walking),(a pool for swimming ),a,sleeping,boy,a,moving,story _,(a story that moves people),(a boy who is sleeping),a,swimming,pool _,动词,-ing,形式如果是短语，,应,放在所修饰的名词,，相当于,_,。,1. They are visitors,coming from several countries,.,（,=who come from several countries,.,）,2.Three days later I received a letter,offering me,the job.,（,=,which offered me the job.,）,3.The girl,standing there,is my classmate.,（,=,who stands there,）,4. The man,speaking to the teacher,is my father.,后,定语从句,(who is speaking to the teacher),Step 2.,The boy,who is coming to dinner this evening,is a classmate of mine.,Step 1. The boy is coming to dinner this evening,He is a classmate of mine.,Step 3,.,The boy,coming to dinner this evening,is a,classmate of mine.,Wrong : The boy is coming to dinner this evening is,a classmate of mine,There are some people are waiting at the bus stop,x,_,_,5.,现在分词作状语,现在分词作状语时，,分词的,逻辑主语,必须,是,句子的主语,，,分词必须和句中的主语含有,逻辑,上,的,主谓关系,，否则不能用现在分词作状语。,但要注意它的各种形式变化：,True or false:,1.Seeing from the top, the school looks more,beautiful.( ),2. Seeing from the top, we find the school,more beautiful.( ),F,T,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,完成时,6.,形式：时态和语态,doing,having,done,having been done,being done,否定式,主动语态否定式,被动语态否定式,一般否定式,完成否定式,not being done,not having,done,not doing,not having,been done,Eg.,Hearing the bell,the students began to enter the classroom.,听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。,（听见和进入两个动作,同时,或,基本同时,发生）,The,building,being built now,is our new library.,（,being built,为现在分词的,被动,形式，表示动作,正在进行之中,。）,Having done the work,he went home.,（,having done the work,为现在分词的,完成式,，表示动作,先于谓语动词,发生。）,All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.,所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。,（,having been sold out,为现在分词的,完成式,，表示动作,先于谓语动词发生,。）,Walking in the street,I came across an old friend of mine.,(=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.),While waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.,(=While _ _ _ _ the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.),1,）,表时间状语,I was waiting for,2),表原因状语,Being ill, he didn,t go to school.,(=As he was ill, he didn,t go to school.),Being a student, you should study hard.,(=Since _ _ a,student,you should study hard.,）,既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。,由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了 。,Thinking he might be at home, I called him.,As _ _ he might be at home, I called him,.,you are,I thought,3),表方式、伴随情况的状语,：,作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是,主语的,一个,动作，或是与,谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生,，或是,对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。,Eg. He sat on the sofa,watching TV.,(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.),我们乘车游览了许多地方。,Travelling by car, we visited a many places.,We _ by car and visited many places.,traveled,他们笑着谈着走进了教室。,_ , they went into the classroom.,他斜靠,(lean),着墙站着。,He stood,leaning against the wall.,(He _ and _ against the wall.),Laughing and talking,(They _ and _, and they went into the classroom.),laughed,talked,leaned,stood,4,),表结果,Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.,(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.),全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受欢迎地歌曲。,The song is sung all over the country,_.,making it the most popular song,(=The song is sung all over the country, and this _ it the most popular song.),makes,5),表条件,Using your head, you will find a way.,(=If you use your head, you will find a way.),一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色地房子。,_, you will see a white house.,Walking ahead,(If you _ _, you will see a white house.,Working hard, you will succeed.,努力吧，,你会成功的。,（,If you _ _, you will succeed.,walk ahead,work head,6),表让步（,though/although , even thoungh,等）,尽管拼命地工作，他一点都不觉得累。,Workiing hard, he didn,t feel a bit tired.,（,=Although he worked hard, he didn,t feel a bit tired.),Knowing all this , they made me pay for the damage.,（,=Even though they _ _ _, they made me pay for the damage.,尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。,knew all this,逻辑主语,one,s doing,Do you mind,Tim,s,smoking here?,Excuse me for,my,being late.,She accepted his apology for,his,being rude.,one,s,形容词型物主代词,人称代词宾格,名词所有格,动名词的复合结构,注意比较下面两个句子,它们有什么区别与联系,I don,t mind smoking here.,I don,t mind his smoking here.,共同点,:,都是相当于名词,不同点,:,动名词的复合结构有了自己的动作发出者,如,his,谁抽烟,他抽,7)与逻辑主语构成独立主格：,-ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系, 只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。,如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。,Time permitting, well do another two exercises.,(=If _ _, well do another two exercises),分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是,I, 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。,time,permits,I waiting,for the bus, a bird fell on my heard,(=when I,for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.),was,waiting,独立主格中的注意事项,（,1,）,独立主格有时也可用,with (without),+,名词（代词宾格）,+,分词形式,With the lights burning, he fell asleep.,他点着灯睡着了。,（,2,）有些固定用法作独立成分,(,悬垂分词,),：,J,udging from,(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.,generally speaking, frankly speaking, considering,/taking in consideration, to tell you the truth,etc,.,6. Doing,作,宾语补足语。,句中的谓语动词,通常为,a:,感官动词，,如：,see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel,observe, find + sb + doing,We,heard,the children,singing in her room,.,We,watched,the children,diving into the,water from the top board.,b,.,役使动词,.,表示“使”，“让”的意思。,keep,sb doing,保持,.,leave sb,doing,使处于,get,sb/ sth doing,让做,have,sb doing,让,做,.,set,sb/ sth doing,使,We,ll soon,have,you,walking again.,我们会不久让你重新走起来,。,I,leave,the machine,running all day.,我让机器整天运转着。,More examples,Step 1. People,saw,the police,.,The police,were breaking the window with a,hammer.,（简单句）,Step 2. People,saw,the police,who were breaking the,window with a hammer.,（定语从句）,Step 3. People,saw,the police,breaking the window,with a hammer. ( doing,短语作宾补）,
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