资源描述
,2. Background Information,BR_MAIN,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,3. Topic-related Prediction,4. An English Song,1. Warm-up Questions,George Orwell,George Bernard Shaw,Eclipses,Playing Cards,The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory,Before Reading_1_1.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Warm-up Questions,1. How did people think of the shape of the earth in history,2. What do you think is the shape of the earth Can you give any evidence to,support your view,Detailed Reading,flat, oval, sphere, pear-shaped,Before Reading_1_1.2,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Warm-up Questions,3. Where do you get most of your knowledge, from experiments or from books,4. Do you think everything in books worth believing Did you ever question the,book knowledge Why or why not,Detailed Reading,George Orwell,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Life Time,Place of Birth,Nationality,Personal Experiences,19031950,India,British,serving with the Indian Imperial Police in,Burma (19221927),living in poverty after his return to Europe,fighting in the Spanish Civil War on the republican side and was severely wounded,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Works,Down and Out in Paris and London,(1933),Homage to Catalonia,(1938),Animal Farm,(1945),Nineteen Eighty-Four,(1949),Detailed Reading,Before Reading_2_2.1-sprict,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Detailed Reading,Orwell, George (19031950), pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair, British novelist and essayist, whose brilliant reporting and political conscience fashioned an impassioned picture of his life and times. His best-known novels are,Animal Farm,(1945) and,Nineteen Eighty-Four,(1949). Throughout his career as a writer, Orwell stresses the importance of truth and objectivity, and the need to be willing to question the trustworthiness of those from whom we take our opinions and beliefs.,Before Reading_2._2,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,George Bernard Shaw,18561950,the Nobel Prize for Literature (1925),Widowers Houses,(1892),Mrs. Warrens,Profession,(1898),Arms and the Man,(1898),Man and Superman,(1905),Major Barbara,(1905),Pygmalion,(1913),Saint Joan,(1923),the greatest British dramatist since Shakespeare and the greatest British satirist since Swift,Detailed Reading,Life Time,Place of Birth,Honor,Works,Ireland,Influence,Before Reading_2_2.1-sprict,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Detailed Reading,Shaw, George Bernard (18561950), Irish playwright, critic and novelist, is widely considered the greatest British dramatist since Shakespeare and the greatest British satirist since Swift. Shaws plays often ridicule governmental or social hypocrisies or mock the conventions of polite society. In the long prefaces to the printed editions he aired his views on all sorts of subjects. In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Among his most famous plays are,Widowers Houses,(1892),Mrs. Warrens Profession,(1898),Arms and the Man,(1898),Man and Superman,(1905),Major Barbara,(1905),Pygmalion,(1913) and,Saint Joan,(1923).,Before Reading_2_3.1,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory,Detailed Reading,in the fourth century B.C.,Aristotle,came to the same conclusion because the earths shadow, during a lunar eclipse, is round.,during the Middle Ages,The clergymen disapproved the spherical theory of the earth and claimed that the earth was the center of the whole universe and the earth is a flat disc with Jerusalem at the center.,The Greek philosopher,Pythagoras,believed that the earth was a sphere which he considered the most perfect of shapes. He reasoned that because the moon and the sun are spherical, the earth is too.,in the sixth century B.C.,Before Reading_2_3.2,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Detailed Reading,in 1521,The Portuguese navigator,Magellan,s voyage around the world proved that the earth was round.,nowadays,The earth is somewhat pear-shaped. It is slightly flattened at the poles and has a bulge at the equator. Also there is another very small bulge at the North Pole.,Before Reading_2_3.2-pic,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Detailed Reading,Before Reading_2_3.2-pic,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Detailed Reading,Before Reading_2_3.2-pic,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Detailed Reading,Before Reading_2_4,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Eclipses,In astronomy the word “eclipse is used to describe two different things: an eclipse of the sun or an eclipse of the moon. An eclipse of the sun is called a solar eclipse (日食). It occurs when the moon passes directly in front of the sun. As seen from various points on the earth, the moon blocks out the sun. An eclipse of the moon is called a lunar eclipse (月食). It occurs when the full moon passes behind the earth into the earths shadow. Within the shadow the moon is no longer directly lighted by the sun. When the whole moon or the whole sun is eclipsed, we speak of a total eclipse (全食). When only part of the moon or sun is eclipsed, we speak of a partial eclipse (偏食).,Before Reading_2_5,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,A pack of ordinary playing cards consists of four 13-card suits: , , and . Each suit contains a , ,and 10 cards assigned numbers from 1 to 10. The 1-card is known as an . An order of rank for the various cards within a suit is established for each game. In bridge, for instance, ace is the highest, followed by the king, queen, etc.,clubs,_,diamonds,_,hearts,_,spades,_,king,_,queen,_,jack,_,ace,_,Playing Cards,Before Reading_2_5-pic1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_2_5-pic2,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,2,2,Before Reading_2_5-pic3,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,2,2,Before Reading_2_5-pic3,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,2,2,Before Reading_2_5-pic4,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_2_5-pic5,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_2_5-pic6,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_2_5-pic7,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_2_5-pic8,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Before Reading_3,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Topic-related Prediction,George Orwell put forward the question “Why do we believe that the earth,is round in the title. Lets predict what will be talked about in the text by,answering the following questions:,From what you learned about the author in the background information,what do you think he might talk about in this article,2) What is his purpose for writing this article To show why the earth is round or something else,Before Reading_4,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Moon river than a mile,Im you in style some day,Oh, dream maker, you breaker,youre going,Im going your,Two drifters to see the,Theres such world to see,Were after the same rainbows end,Waiting round the,My huckleberry friend,Moon river and me,Were after the same rainbows end,Waiting round the,My huckleberry friend,Moon river and me,bend,_,wider,_,crossing,_,heart,_,Wherever,_,way,_,off,_,world,_,a lot of,_,bend,_,An English Song,Moon River,Globe Reading_main,1. Part Division of the Text,2. Further Understanding,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,For Part 1,For Part 2,For Part 3,True or False,Table Completion,Questions and Answers,Global Reading_1,After Reading,Part Division of the Text,Main Ideas,Lines,Parts,1,113,2,1446,3,4759,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Global Reading,Shaws remark on modern credulity,The author tries to prove the Round Earth Belief.,Much of our knowledge rests on authority, not on reasons or on experiment.,3. According to Shaw, the average man has enough reasons for thinking that,the earth is round.,Globe Reading_2_1.1,Global Reading,After Reading,Bernard Shaw remarks that we are less credulous today than we were in the,Middle Ages.,2. The widespread belief that the earth is round is cited as an example of modern,credulity.,F,(,),According to Shaw, the average man can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round.,T,( ),F,(,),Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more credulous today than we were in the Middle Ages.,True or False,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,In the question “Why do we believe that the earth is round, “we refers to the astronomers, geographers and so on.,In the question “Why do we believe that the earth is round, “we refers to the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen.,F,( ),4.,The twentieth-century mentality refers to the twentieth-century way of thinking.,5.,T,( ),Detailed Reading,Before Reading,How do I know the eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth,the analogy of the sun and moon: They are round.,Globe Reading_2_2.1,Global Reading,After Reading,signal words of order,five cards against the Oval Earth man,refutation by the Oval Earth man,the first card,1) They may be flat discs.,2) Why must the earth be the,same shape as them?,my second card,the earths shadow:,It appears to be the shadow of a round object during eclipses.,my queen of trumps,Have I tested it?,Would I know a way of testing,it?,Table Completion,the opinion of the experts:,Astronomer Royal says the earth is round.,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Globe Reading_2_2.2,Global Reading,After Reading,my ace,one way of testing it:,Astronomers opinions are sound because they can foretell eclipses.,only one card left,may possibly have some kind of counter,Ancient Egyptians who thought the sun goes around the earth could also predict eclipses.,navigation,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Globe Reading_2_3.1,Global Reading,After Reading,1. What does most of our knowledge rest on,Most of our knowledge rests on authority.,2. Does the author think that his reasons for thinking that the earth is round are,well-grounded,No, he thinks they are rather precarious.,3. When does the expert become an ignoramus,As soon as he strays away from his own specialty, he becomes an ignoramus.,Questions and Answers,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Globe Reading_2_3.2,Global Reading,After Reading,4. What would most people say if they were asked to prove that the earth is round,They would start off by saying that “everyone knows the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry.,5. Do you think the authors conclusion is correct Why (open-ended),Yes. Because a mans knowledge consists of two parts, one coming from direct experience and the other coming from indirect experience. All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. But one cannot have direct experience of everything, nor is he able to test everything; as a matter of fact, most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience.,Detailed Reading,Before Reading,Can you prove that the earth is round Go ahead and try! Will you rely on your senses or will you have to draw on the opinions of experts,Article_S,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,Article1-2_S,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round,George Orwell,Somewhere or other I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan ,Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages,and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round.,He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.,Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular,Detailed Reading,Article3-4_S,Before Reading,Global Reading,After Reading,proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.,As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand by the seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earths surface is curved. But it does not follow that the earth is spherical.,Against the Oval Earth man,the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon.,The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I dont know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that,Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it,Detailed Reading,Article5-6_S,Global Reading,After Reading,one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon I cant answer that one either.,Before Reading,My second card is the earths shadow: when cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth The answer is that I dont know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets.,Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. The Oval Earth man covers the queen with his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royals statement, and would I even know a way of testing it Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipses, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.,Detailed Reading,Article7-8-1_S,Global Reading,After Reading,Before Reading,If the Oval Earth man answers what I believe is true that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses,then bang goes my ace.,I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ships round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculations which assume that the earth is spherical.,I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man,though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.,It will be seen that,my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones.,Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements.,And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level.,It does not rest on reasoning or,on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast,Detailed Reading,Article8-2_S,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty Most people, if asked to prove that the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that “everyone knows the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.,Before Reading,Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round,George Orwell,Somewhere or other I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan ,Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages,and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round.,He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.,Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular,Article1-2_S1,Before Reading,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,1. Why people in the Middle Ages were very gullible and,superstitious,Because they accepted the churchs authority unquestioningly.,2. What does Bernard Shaw suggest,He suggests that compared with people in the Middle Ages, we are even worse in blindly accepting what institutional authorities say.,Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round,George Orwell,Somewhere or other I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan ,Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages,and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round.,He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.,Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular,Article1-2_S2,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,After Reading,1. What does “swallow this theory mean,It means to accept this theory without question or suspicion.,2. How do you understand the reason for people to accept the,theory,People accept the theory so long as it has a quality that attracts the contemporary mind.,Before Reading,Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round,George Orwell,Somewhere or other I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan ,Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages,and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round.,He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.,Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular,Article1-2_S3,Global Reading,After Reading,1. Paraphrase this part., there is some truth in what he says and the question is worth discussing further because of what it may reveal about the validity of present-day beliefs.,2. Translate this part of the sentence.,但他说确实实有些道理，这一问题值得进一步探讨，因为它有助于说明现代知识的真实情况。,Before Reading,Detailed Reading,proof, or h
展开阅读全文