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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,模 块,二,语 法 知 识,专题三语法考点大突破,第,5,讲谓语动词,(,时态、语态和主谓一致,),高频,考点,研析透,考点,1,谓语动词时态,题型一语法填空,1,(2021,全国新高考,卷,),You cant help wondering how hard it _(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.,【答案】,was,【解析】,考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：你不禁会想，对当时的人们来说，把这些石头都安置好有多难。分析句子可知，,how hard it _(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place,作,wonder,的宾语，,it,是从句的形式主语，不定式为真正主语，谓语动词用单数形式，安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填,was,。,2,(2020,全国卷,),The unmanned Change-4 probe (,探测器,)the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess_(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.,【答案】,touched,【解析】,考查动词时态。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语,last week,可知应使用一般过去时。故填,touched,。,3,(2020,新全国卷,),In the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, _(form) the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759,【答案】,formed,【解析】,考查动词时态。句意：例如，汉斯,斯隆爵士的,8,万件藏品构成了,1759,年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是谓语动词，由于此句是对前文进行举例说明，根据时间状语,In the 18th and 19th centuries,可知，应使用一般过去时。故填,formed,。,4,(2020,全国卷,),When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (,传奇的,) artist, they smiled and,_ (,point) down the river.,【答案】,pointed,【解析】,考查动词时态。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。根据上文,they smiled and,可知此处应用一般过去时。故填,pointed,。,5,(2020,浙江卷,),By about 6000 BC, people _(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.,【答案】,had discovered,【解析】,考查动词时态。句意：大约在公元前,6000,年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。主语和提示词之间表示主动关系。,by,过去时间,译为,“,到,为止,”,，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填,had discovered,。,6,(2019,全国卷,),In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut,_ (,report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements.,【答案】,have reported,【解析】,考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语,in recent years,可知，主句用现在完成时态，主语为,some Inuit people,。故填,have reported,。,7,(2019,全国卷,),Irene said,，,“I dont see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I,_ (,make) over the years.”,【答案】,have made,【解析】,考查动词时态。根据定语从句中的时间状语,over the years,可知，此处用现在完成时态。故填,have made,。,题型二单句改错,1,(2021,全国乙卷,),Firstly, doing housework was helpful for us to be a responsible person.Also, it gives our parents more time to do what they like.,【答案】,was,is,【解析】,考查时态和主谓一致。句意：首先，做家务有助于我们成为一个负责任的人。根据全文时态可知，本文陈述客观事实需要用一般现在时。主语,doing housework,为单数，谓语也用单数。故将,was,改为,is,。,2,(2019,全国卷,),One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.,【答案】,is,was,【解析】,考查一般过去时。由上句中的,One was that.,可知，本句用一般过去时。这里讲述当时做决定时的原因。故将,is,改为,was,。,3,(2019,全国卷,),Now my dream is to open a cafe.Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts.,【答案】,required,requires,【解析】,考查动词时态。由,Now,可知，文章讲的是作者现在的梦想，故时态为一般现在时。故把,required,改为,requires,。,(,一,),根据时间标志词或时间状语确定时态,1,一般现在时：,sometimes, every week/day/year/morning, often, always, usually, seldom, now and then,。,2,一般过去时：,once upon a time, yesterday, last week/month/year, just now, the other day,，时间段,ago,，时间段,later,，,in,过去的年份,。,3,现在完成时：,lately, recently, so/by far, by now, up to now, until now, in/during/over the past/last few,时间段等。,in/over recent,时间段，,since,过去的时间点，,ever since,等。,4,现在进行时：,Look,！,Listen,！,now, at present, at this moment/time/minute, currently,。,5,过去进行时：,at that moment/time/minute, then,。,6,一般将来时：,tomorrow, next week/month/year, in (the coming),时间段，,upcoming,，,in the future,。,7,过去完成时：,by,过去的时间，,by then, by the end of,过去的时间点，,until then, before,过去的时间点。,8,将来进行时：,at this time/moment tomorrow,等。,(,二,),根据平行结构确定时态,并列连词连接的平行结构，连接对等的词或对等的结构，可以作为时态判断的依据。常见如下：,and, but, or, both.and., either.or., neither.nor., not only.but (also) .,等。尤其关注一个主语，两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词的时态要保持一致。,(,三,),语境提示定时态,如果没有时间标志词或者具体的时间状语，就要联系上下文、前后句中的时态，看看动作是否同时发生或者先后发生，确定填空处的时态。,(,四,),主句从句相对应,宾语从句中，主句如果用一般过去时，从句也应该用过去的时态；但陈述客观事实或真理时，从句用一般现在时。时间、条件状语从句中，,“,主将从现,”,，即主句一般将来，从句用一般现在时表将来。,(,五,),通过,“,固定句式,”,解决时态,1,It/This/That is the first/second/.time that sb./sth.have/has done sth.,某人,/,某物第几次做某事。,2,It/This/That was the first/second/.time that sb./sth.had done sth.,某人,/,某物第几次做某事,。,3,hardly/scarcely/rarely.had done.when sb./sth.did.,和,no sooner had done.than sb./sth.did.,表示,“,一,就,”,。,4,It is (high) time that sb./sth.did/should do.,到了某人,/,某物该做,的时候了。,5,.,was/were doing.when sb./sth.did.,某人,/,某物正在做,这时突然,6,祈使句,and,陈述句，陈述句为一般将来时。,7,在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来。,8,在由,since,引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时,考点,2,谓语动词的语态,语法填空,1,(2021,浙江高考,),The little home _(paint)white.It was sweet and fresh.,【答案】,was painted,【解析】,考查动词语态。句意：这个小房子被漆成了白色。分析句子结构可知，设空处作谓语动词，,The little home,作主语。结合句意及常识可知，房子是,“,被漆,”,的，主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；根据下文的,was,可知，此处为一般过去时态；一般过去时的被动语态结构是,was/were,过去分词；主语,The little home,是单数第三人称，所以要用,was,，提示词,paint,的过去分词形式是,painted,。故填,was painted,。,2,(2020,全国卷,),Because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _(construct),【答案】,is constructed,【解析】,考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语,construct,与主语,the moon,之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语,the moon,是单数。故填,is constructed,。,3,(2020,新全国卷,),The parts of a museum open to the public _(call) galleries or rooms.,【答案】,are called,【解析】,考查动词时态及语态。句意：博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观情况，应使用一般现在时；主语与,call,是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填,are called,。,4,(2020,全国卷,),The artist was sure he would _(choose),，,but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister,，,the old man laughed.,【答案】,be chosen,【解析】,考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语,he,与谓语动词,choose,构成被动关系，且,would,后跟动词原形。故填,be chosen,。,5,(2020,浙江卷,),And,，,as more children were born, more food,_ (,need),【答案】,was needed,【解析】,考查动词时态和语态。句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和,need,之间表示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。,food,为不可数名词。故填,was needed,。,6,(2019,江苏卷,),They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals _(install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.,【答案】,will have been installed,【解析】,考查动词时态和语态。句意：他们正努力确保在,2022,年北京冬奥会之前安装,5G,终端。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。,“,5G,终端,”,和,“,安装,”,之间是被动关系，用被动语态。故填,will have been installed,。,1,如果主语是动作的发出者，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。,2,牢固掌握被动形式：,(1),一般现在时：,is/am/are done,(2),一般过去时：,was/were done,(3),一般将来时：,will/shall be done,(4),过去将来时：,would be done,(,5),现在进行时：,is/am/are being done,(6),过去进行时：,was/were being done,(7),现在完成时：,have/has been done,(8),过去完成时：,had been done,(9),将来完成时：,will/shall have been done,3,不及物的动词,(,组,),没有被动，如：,happen, exist, remain, rise, survive, belong to, break out, break down, come up, come true, take place,等。,4,系动词,look,，,seem,，,feel,，,taste,，,sound,，,smell,，,prove,，,appear,等不能用被动语态。,考点,3,主谓一致,题型一语法填空,1,(2021,浙江,1,月高考,),In cities,，,however,，,the gain _(be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.,【答案】,was,【解析】,考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：然而，在城市中，女性增加了,1.3,，男性增加了,1.6,。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语，主语,(gain),是单数，时态是一般过去时。故填,was,。,2,(2021,浙江高考,),It doesnt impress like George Washingtons plantation on the Potomac, but Lincolns home in downtown Springfield,，,Illinois, _(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.,【答案】,has proved/ has proven,【解析】,考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：它不像乔治,华盛顿在波托马克河畔的种植园那样给人留下深刻印象，但林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市中心的家，自从向公众开放以来，就被证明对游客来说是不可抗拒的。分析句子成分可知，设空处作谓语动词，,Lincolns home in downtown Springfield Illinois,作主语；结合句意及设空处后的时间状语从句,since it opened to the public,可知，此处指过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，符合现在完成时概念，故设空处用现在完成时；现在完成时结构是,has/have,过去分词；主语,Lincolns home in downtown Springfield Illinois,是第三人称单数，所以助动词用,has,，提示词,prove,的过去分词形式是,proved,或,proven,。故填,has proved/ has proven,。,3,(2020,新全国卷,),Often,，,only a small part of a museums collection _(be) on display.,【答案】,is,【解析】,考查主谓一致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语,a small part of a museums collection,是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。故填,is,。,4,(2020,全国卷,),This is why decorating with plants,，,fruits and flowers _(carry) special significance.,【答案】,carries,【解析】,考查主谓一致。句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语,decorating with plants, fruits and flowers,，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填,carries,。,5,(2019,江苏卷,),The musician along with his band members _(give) ten performances in the last three months.,【答案】,has given,【解析】,考查动词时态与主谓一致。句意：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。由,in the last three months,可知，这句话的时态为现在完成时；,along with,连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词在人称和数上保持一致。故填,has given,。,6,(2019,天津卷,),Amy,，,as well as her brothers, _(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.,【答案】,was given,【解析】,考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：上周埃米和她的兄弟们回到村庄时受到了热烈的欢迎。根据时间状语,last week,可知，应用一般过去时；,as well as,连接两个并列的主语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语一致，即与,Amy,一致，故此处应用单数形式。,题型二短文改错,(2021,全国甲卷,),One of the questions are,：,whe will you go to in times of trouble?,【答案】,are,is,【解析】,考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：其中的一个问题是：你遇到麻烦时会去找谁？,one of the,名词复数，意为,“,之一,”,，为单数含义，所以其后的系动词应用单数。结合句意，此处指问卷调查中的一个问题，所以为客观事实，时态用一般现在时。故将,are,改为,is,。,所谓主谓一致，就是说在英语中，句子的谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致及就近或就远一致，共三种。,1,语法一致,(1),可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。,(2),在定语从句中，关系代词,that, who, which,等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。,(3),单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但,what,引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。,(4),“,many a/more than one,单数名词,”,作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,2,意义一致,(1),集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，则谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，则谓语动词用复数。,常见的集体名词有：,family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience,等。,(2),“,分数,/,百分数,/the majority,of,名词,”,作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于,of,后名词的数及其表示的意义；,all, some, half, most, the rest,等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。,(3),“,no/each/every/many a,单数名词,and,no/each/every/many a,单数名词,”,作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,3,就近,/,就远原则,(1),就近原则：由,either.or., neither.nor., not.but., not only.but also.,等连接的并列主语或者在,there be,句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。,(2),就远原则：主语后跟有,with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than, including,等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。,考点,4,情态动词和虚拟语气,题型一语法填空,1,(2019,江苏卷,),What a pity,！,You missed the sightseeing, or we _(have) a good time together.,【答案】,would have had,【解析】,考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则我们会在一起玩得很开心。根据关键词,or,可知，这里表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词应用,would/could/should/might,have done,。,2,(2019,天津卷,),The workers were not better organized, otherwise they _(accomplish) the task in half the time.,【答案】,would have accomplished,【解析】,考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被组织好，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。此处,otherwise,表达了一种含蓄虚拟。,otherwise,前的内容所述的是过去的事实，相当于,if,引导的条件状语从句,If the workers had been better organized,，因此后半部分应用主语,would have done sth.,结构。,题型,二单句改错,(2020,全国卷,),I thought it must to be easy to cook.,【答案】,删除,must,后面的,to,【解析】,考查情态动词。,must,是情态动词，后接动词原形，,to,多余。故将,to,去掉。,(,一,),情态动词,1,情态动词的基本用法,情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的实义动词或,be,动词一起构成谓语。,(1)can/could,的用法：,表示能力，意为,“,能，会,”,。,表示客观或理论上的可能性。,表示推测，意为,“,可能,”,，用于否定句和疑问句。,can,比,could,语气强。,(2)may/might,的用法：,表示请求和许可。在疑问句中,might,可以代替,may,，语气更加委婉。,表示推测，意为,“,或许，可能,”,，通常用于肯定句和否定句。,might,比,may,语气弱。,(3)must,的用法：,表示,“,必须,”,，语气强烈。,表示推测，意为,“,一定,”,，用于肯定句。,意为,“,偏要，非要,不可,”,。,(4)shall,的用法：,用于一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。,用于二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为,“,必须,”,。,(5)should/ought to,的用法：,should,表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为,“,应该,”,。,should,表示出乎意料的口气，意为,“,竟然，居然,”,。,should,和,ought to,表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为,“,应该，估计,”,。,2,“,情态动词,have done,”,的用法,该结构主要用来表述过去的情况，包括对过去事情的推测、遗憾、责备等。,(1)must have done,“,一定做过了某事,”,，表示对过去事情有把握的推测。,(2)could have done,“,本来能做某事,(,而实际上未做,),”,，,cant/couldnt have done,“,(,过去,),不可能做过某事,”,。,(3)may/might have done,“,(,过去,),有可能做过某事,”,。,(4)should/ought to have done,“,本该做某事而没做,”,。,(5)neednt have done,“,本不必做某事,(,而实际上做了,),”,。,(,二,),虚拟语气,1,虚拟语气在,if,条件状语从句中的应用,类别,从句谓语动词形式,主句谓语动词,与现在事实,相反,一般过去式,(be,用,were),should/would/could/might,动词原形,与过去,事实,相反,had,过去分词,should/would/could/might,have,过去分词,与将来,事实,相反,一般过去式,(be,用,were),should/would/could/might,动词原形,should,动词原形,were to,动词原形,类别,从句谓语动词形式,主句谓语动词,混合条,件句,有时条件句的动作与主句的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自发生的时间作相应调整。,含蓄条,件句,有时假设的情况不以条件从句的形式表达，而是用,but for, without,等介词短语表示虚拟条件。,虚实错,综句,1,用,otherwise, or,等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。,2,通过,but,暗示出虚拟条件，句式结构为,“,虚拟情况,but,真实情况,”,。,2,虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用,(1)wish,后面的宾语从句，表示一种不可能实现的愿望：,表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式。,表示与过去事实相反，从句用,had,done,。,表示与将来事实相反，从句用,would/could/should/might,动词原形。,(2)would rather,后面的宾语从句：,表示与现在或将来事实相反时，从句谓语动词用过去式。,表示与过去事实相反时，从句用,had,done,。,(3),表示主张、命令、建议、要求等词后的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中常用,“,should,动词原形,”,结构，,should,可省略。,(4),定语从句：,Its (high/about) time (that).,句型中，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时或,should,动词原形,(,其中,should,不可省略,),，意为,“,到了该,的时候了,”,。,(5)as if,引导的状语从句中：,表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式。,表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用,had,done,。,表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用,would/could/might,动词原形,。,(,6),在,“It is important/necessary/natural/strange that.”,句型中，,that,引导的主语从句中谓语动词常用,“,(should),动词原形,”,形式。,
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