时态语态杂说

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,This is English 3,1,Unit 1,I. The aims of this unit,II. Vocabulary,III. Grammar,2,1. 一般现在时,1).用法：通常用来描述真理性的事实或经常发生的动作，常与always, usually, often, sometimes等频度副词连用，一般用于称述事实、习惯等，不仅仅与现在有关。,e.g. We usually eat in the canteen.,3,2).句型：,A.肯定句：主语+谓语动词,e.g. He is a boy. He comes from China.,B.否定句：主语+谓语动词的否定形式,be 动词：be (is, am, are)+not,行为动词：dont/doesnt+动词原形,C.一般疑问句：,be 动词：Be (Is, Am, Are)+主语,行为动词：Do/Does+主语+动词原形？,D.特殊疑问句,be 动词:be (is, am, are),行为动词：疑问词+do/does+主语+动词原形？,4,2. 现在进行时,1）,结构：be动词+动词-ing形式动词-ing形式的构成：A.一般情况下直接在动词后加-ing. e.g. play-playingB.如果动词以辅音加不发音的e结尾，去e再加-ing. e.g. have-havingC.如果动词以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写该辅音字母，再加-ing. e.g. sit-sitting,5,2）,用法：通常用来描述目前正在发生或现阶段正在进行的事情，常与now, right now, at preseng等连用。e.g. He is currently working on TV advertisements, but right now hes on holiday.3）,句型：A.,肯定句：主语+be动词+动词-ing形式e.g. Hes sleeping.B.,否定句：主语+be动词+not+动词-ing形式e.g. Im not eating lunch.C.,一般疑问句：Be动词+主语+动词-ing形式e.g. Are you waiting for her?D.,特殊疑问句：疑问词+be动词+主语+动词-ing形式e.g. What are you doing here?,6,3. 一般过去时,1）,结构：动词-ed形式/不规则动词的过去式动词-ed形式的构成： A.一般直接在动词词尾加-ed. e.g. start-started B.动词词尾为e时直接加-d. e.g. like-liked C.当初以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，则双写该辅音字母再加-ed. e.g. trip-tripped D.动词以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i再加-ed. e.g. try-tried不规则动词,7,2) 用法：通常用来描述过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与last year, last night, yesterday, in+过去年份等表过去时间的词连用。,8,3）,句型：A.肯定句：-be动词：主语+was/were e.g. He was a good student several years ago.-行为动词：主语+动词过去式 e.g. He ran back home last night.,9,B.否定句：-be动词：主语+was/were+not e.g. He was not late.-行为动词：主语+didnt+动词原形 e.g. He didnt go there yesterday.,10,C.一般疑问句：-be动词：Was/Were+主语? e.g. Were you late yesterday?-行为动词：Did+主语+动词原形? e.g. Did you watch TV last night?,11,D.特殊疑问句： -be动词：疑问词+was/were+主语？ e.g. Where were you last night? -行为动词：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？ e.g. Where did you go?,12,4. 过去进行时,1）,结构：was/were+动词-ing形式2）,用法：用来描述过去某一特定时间或过去某阶段正在进行的动作,13,3）,句型： A.,肯定句：主语+was/were+动词-ing形式.e.g. He was playing tennis at this time yesterday.B.,否定句：主语+was/were+not+动词-ing形式.e.g. He wasnt playing tennis at this time yesterday.,14,C.,一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+动词-ing形式?e.g. Were you playing football at this time yesterday?D.,特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+主语+动词-ing形式?e.g. What were you doing at this time yesterday?,15,4. 过去进行时与一般过去时的连用 当过去某一动作正在进行的过程中发生了另一件事情时，则前一个动作一般用过去进行时，后一个动作用一般过去时，可以用while, when, and, as连接e.g. I was watching TV when my mother asked me to help her.,16,5. 时间介词 1)at:集体钟点 e.g. 2 oclock, at midnight, at noon, at night 2)on:某星期几，某月或某星期的午，具体某一天 e.g. on Monday, on Monday morning 3) in:某年，某季节，某月，某个午 e.g. in 2004, in June, in spring, in the morning,17,4)during:某一段时间内或某事发生的过程 e.g. during 2003, during the afternoon5)for:后跟一段时间 e.g. for two hours6)since:后跟某一个具体时间 e.g. since 2000,18,6. used to,1),用法：“过去常常”，用来描述过去反复发生的动作，暗含现在已不再如此之意。e.g. He used to smoke a lot of cigarette. (but he doesnt smoke a lot of cigarette now.),19,2),句型：A. 肯定句：主语+used to+动词原形 e.g. I used to have short hair.B. 否定句：主语+didnt use to+动词原形 e.g. I didnt use to have long hair. 主语+used not to+动词原形 e.g. I used not to have long hair.,20,C.一般疑问句：Did+主语+use to+动词原形 e.g. Did you use to have long hair?D.特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+use to+动词原形 e.g. What did you use to do when you were a little boy?,21,3)一般过去时的区别4)与would 的区别：,22,7. 连接词1),and: 表示添加，“和，而且”2),but: 表示转折，“但是”3),because: 引出原因，“因为”although/though: 表示让步，“尽管”,23,8. with=haveMary is a shop assistant. She has a job in a top London shop.=Mary is a shop assistant with a job in a top London shop.,24,9.pronoun: 避免重复,25,10. who, that, where: 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，使连接的句子的关系更加紧密。1) I am going to see a friend who is in hospital.2) She has a diamond that a lot of people want to have.3) That is the place where we met each other for the first time.,26,Unit 2. Family Influences.,27,1.,被动语态：,1)用法：,A.当强调动作的承受者，不强调动作的施动者,B.不必提及动作的施动者,C.不知道动作的施动者,28,2)结构：主语+助动词be的适当形式+过去分词+with与被动语态连用表明(by)施动者3)介词使用的方式和手段 e.g. The speech was ended with a few good wishes.,29,4)句型：A.肯定句：主语+助动词be的适当形式+过去分词+(by)施动者B.否定句：主语+助动词be的适当形式+not+过去分词+(by)施动者,30,C.一般疑问句：助动词be的适当形式+主语+过去分词+(by)施动者?D.特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词be的适当形式+主语+过去分词+(by)施动者?,31,2.,短语动词：动词+小品词（介词或副词）1)及物动词：A.可分开：动词+副词，宾语为名词时，可放在整个短语动词之后，也可紧跟着动词，宾语为代词时，只可紧跟动词之后。e.g. bring upB.不可分开：动词+介词，宾语须置于整个短语动词之后,32,2)不及物动词：e.g. grow up3)由三部分组成的短语动词一般为及物不可分，其宾语放在整个短语动词之后。e.g. take care of,33,3.,描述行为1)“always/forever+动词的进行时”可用来表示说话者对所谈论的人物的不满、批评或赞扬。置于助动词之后2）“keep+动词-ing”强调动作的反复性，“总是”,34,Unit 3. Society and Family Life,35,1.,描述发展趋势：1）,动词：,A.一般过去时用来描述过去某一时间或某一阶段发生的变化趋。e.g. The general price level rose by 0.7%.B.现在进行时可以用来描述发生在过去，但现在还在持续的变化趋势。e.g. Since last week, the inflation rate has fallen by 20%.,36,2）,名词：e.g. The total volume of imports and exports exceeded $500 billion, with exports accounting for $266.2 billion, a rise of 6.8%.,37,1）,与描述变化趋势连用的介词：A. from:用来描述变化的起始点B. to:用来描述变化的终止点C. by:用来描述量的变化,38,2.,be married /divorced/ engaged：强调结婚/离婚/订婚的状态get married/ divorced/engaged：强调结婚/离婚/订婚的行为,39,3. so的用法：1),so+adj.：强调，“如此，太”2),(and) so+倒装结构（动词+主语）：“也”3),so that+主语+助动词：“这样”，表目的4) 分句+so（结果从句）：“因此 ”,40,4.频度副词 1）never, sometimes, often, usually, often等较短的频度副词在句子中的位置：A. be动词之后：B.行为动词之前：C.句子有助动词和行为动词时，放在助动词之后，行为动词之前：,41,2）较长的频度副词如everyday, now and again, once a month可放在句首或句尾 3）表示频度：every day/week/month/yearevery morning/afternoon/eveningevery Monday/Sundayonce/twice/three times a week/month,42,Unit 4. Changes in Life,43,1.,谈论将来1）,现在将来时：有“意图，安排（但不是固定不变的），打算”的含义，给人一种期待感。e.g. I am visiting my cousins in Australia next week. 2) be going to：强调“打算”，相当于intend,“意图”，计划性较强e.g. I am going to visit my cousins in Australia next week. 3) will：说话者说话时作出的决定e.g. I will buy you a cup of coffee.,44,4)一般现在时：表预定的行为，即将来的但已事先安排好的动作，安排很固定不容易轻易改变，好象成了事实一般。 e.g. The train leaves at 9 pm.5),表示将来的时间状语：放在句首或句尾tomorrow(morning, night)the day after tomorrownext week/month/yearthe week after nextnext Tuesday,45,2.,one, here, there避免重复 1) one：指代单数名词 ones：指代复数名词 2) here：指代离说话者较近的地方 3) there：指代离说话者较远的地方,46,3.定语从句1)先行词：被修饰的名词或代词,47,2）,引导定语从句的关联词：A.,关系代词：在从句中可做主语，宾语，定语等，有：who, whom, whose, that, which who: 主格，在从句中做主语（在非正式英语中可做宾语），指人 whom: 宾格，在从句中做宾语，指人 whose: 属格，在从句中做定语，指人，有时也可指物 that: 可指人指物，可用做主语，宾语（做宾语时在非正式文体中可以省略） which: 一般指物，可用做主语，宾语（做宾语时在非正式文体中可以省略）,48,B.,关系副词：在从句中做状语，有where, when, why where: 地点状语，先行词须是表地点的名词 when: 时间状语，先行词须是表时间的名词 why: 原因状语，先行词只有reason,49,3）,定语从句分限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句A.限制性定语从句：对先行词有限制作用，不可缺少，否则会影响主句的意义。 e.g. Do you know the reason why I came late?B.非限制性定语从句：也叫描述性定语从句，和先行词只是一种松散的修饰关系，书面中用逗号分开，关系代词不能省略，that 一般不引导非限制性定语从句。 e.g. I like to chat with John, who is a cleaver fellow.,50,4.表述看法 The best thing is The worst thing is What I enjoy most is What I hated most is The most important thing for me is It doesnt matter that+从句,51,Unit 5. Ambitions and Dreams,52,1.,过去完成时 1）过去完成时的构成：had+动词的过去分词 e.g. I had finished my homework before super. 2）过去完成时的用法：常用来描述在过去某一时间以前完成的动作或事件。通常用after, before, when, because等表示所连接的句子的前后关系。 e.g. Molly Wilson had been a dancer and a mother for many years. When she decided to sail round the world to raise money.,53,3）现在完成时与过去完成时： 现在完成时：动作须是现在以前完成 过去完成时：动作须在过去某一时间完成，也就是发生在“过去的过去”，使用过去完成时非先有这样一个过去某一时间不可。 4）句型： 肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. 否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词. 一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+had+主语+过去分词?,54,2.,journey, travel, trip, voyage 作为名词的用法 1) travel: 不可数名词，泛指“旅行”，约等于 2) journey: 可数名词，表示“旅行，旅程”，较长的“旅行” 3)trip: 可数名词，表示较短的带有具体目的的“旅行” 4)voyage: 可数名词，通常指“（长途乘船的）旅行”,55,2.,journey, travel, trip, voyage 作为名词的用法 1) travel: 不可数名词，泛指“旅行”，约等于 2) journey: 可数名词，表示“旅行，旅程”，较长的“旅行” 3)trip: 可数名词，表示较短的带有具体目的的“旅行” 4)voyage: 可数名词，通常指“（长途乘船的）旅行”,56,3.谈论将来1）,谈论愿望和理想： A.主语+would like to+动词原形 B.主语+want to+动词原形 C.主语+hope to+动词原形2）,谈论意图或固定的计划 A.主语+be going to+动词原形 B.主语+be planning to+动词原形 C.主语+be looking forward to+动名词/名词3）,谈论计划实现可能性不大的计划 主语+might+动词原形,57,Unit 7. An Englishmans Home Is His Castle,58,1.,描述位置方位 1) 平行关系的两个地名用： 地名+ be动词+方位+of+地名 e.g. Guangzhou is south of Wuhan. 2）从属关系的两个地名用：地名+be动词+in the+方位+of+地名 e.g. Gaungzhou is in the south of China. 3）在。的边缘: on the edge of 4）在。市中心/乡村: in the center/in the suburbs 5）乡下/市区/郊区: rural/urban/suburban area,59,2. need的用法1),实意动词：“需要，缺乏，有义务或责任” A. need to do sth: 主语是人，“某人需要做某事” e.g. We need to clean the classroom.b. need doing sth: 主语是物，“某事（物）需要。”，表示被动意义。 e.g. The classroom needs cleaning.2）情态动词：表示必要+动词原形（仅用于否定句或疑问句，或用于if或whether之后或与hardly, scarcely, no one等连用） e.g. Need you go yet? - No, I neednt.,60,3. have sth done/ get sth done: 使人/安排人做某事 e.g. I need to have my hair cut.1）,结构：have/got+宾语+过去分词2）,很多时候与need和must连用3）,have/get可以变为各种时态: e.g. I have had my hair cut today.,61,4. 形容词及其搭配的介词 angry about appalled by concerned about disappointed with dissatisfied with pleased with responsible for sorry about surprised by tired of unacceptable to unhappy about upset by worried about,62,5. although, therefore, however 1) although:“虽然。，但是。”，引导让步状语从句。 2) therefore: “所以，因此”，引导结果状语从句，比so更正式。 3) however: “然而，但是”，表示转折，比but更正式，后面常用逗号,63,6. 写信1）,书信正文开始前在信的右角写上写信人的地址，地址从小到大排列。2）,写信日期在地址下面3）,称呼语：Dear+姓名，Dear+Mr./Mrs./Ms+姓4）,正文5）,结束语：Yours, Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully,64,Unit 8. Leisure, Work and Animals,65,1.现在进行时和现在完成进行时1）,现在进行时的用法： A.“已完成”用法是指动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出来的过去时间（常指最近的过去时间），现在已经完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。 e.g. Hes turned off the light. B.“未完成”用法指动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。 e.g. Hes lived here since 1960.,66,C.“已完成”用法通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用 ; “未完成”用法通常要与表示一段时间的状语连用,67,2）,现在完成体的用法： A. 结构：have/has been+动词-ing B. 用法：主要与现在完成时的“未完成”用法相仿。 C. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的异同a.,两者有时可以互换使用，含义无甚差别e.g. Weve been living here for ten years. Weve lived here for ten years. b. 强调动作的结果并表示动作已经结束，使用现在完成时。 强调动作从过去某个时间一直持续到现在，并且还要继续下去时用现在完成进行时。,68,D.句型： a. 肯定句：主语+have/has been doing. b. 否定句：主语+have/has not been doing. c. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been doing? d. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+have/has+主语+being doing? E. 注意：状态动词通常不用于现在完成进行时，但用语现在完成时。,69,3) 现在完成时，现在完成进行时与一般过去时的比较： A. 现在完成时，现在完成进行时无论其动作或状态在说话时已经完成还是延续到说话时刻并可能进行下去都与现在时间有联系。 B. 一般过去时与现在时间没有联系，与具体过去时间连用。,70,2. 与数量有关的表达方式1),under2),over3),more than4),less than5),a large proportion of6),a small proportion of7),the majority of 8),a minority of9),x% of10),分数：基数词+序数词 （当基数词大于一时，序数词-s）1/3: a third of4/5: four fifths of,71,3. use 的用法1),used to do sth: 曾经做某事used to be: 曾经是 2) be used to do sth: 被用来做某事 e.g. Knife can be used to peel an apple. 3) get/be used to doing sth/sth: 习惯做某事/习惯某事 e.g. He is used to eating hot food.,72,Unit 9. The Olympic Games,73,1. 一般过去时的被动语态： 主语+was/were+过去分词+(by)施动者 e.g. The thief was killed by that policeman.,74,2. 形容词的比较级和最高级1）,比较级： A. 用法：用于对两者进行比较 B. 结构：形容词比较级+thanC. 形容词比较级的构成：1）,最高级： A. 用法：用于对三者或三者以上进行比较 B. 结构：the+最高级+（比较范围） C. 形容词最高级的构成：,75,3. 构词法 politics: n political: adj politically: adv politician: n,76,4. 动名词：1）,构成：动词原形加词尾-ing, 其构词法与现在分词一样2）,性质：A.,在逻辑上表达的是一个动作（或状态），即有动词特征，后面可以有宾语和状语。e.g. I hope you dont mind my saying it. Are you for or against staying here?B.,在语法上体现的是名词特征，表现在在句子中可做主语，宾语等。e.g. Traveling abroad can be very exciting. In Lent he gives up smoking and drinking.,77,5. 真实条件句1) 用法：表示可能发生的条件以及由此造成的可能的结果。2) 句型：主将从现A.,If+表示条件的从句（用一般现在时），表示结果的从句（用一般将来时） e.g. If I leave, I will be happier.B.,表示结果的从句（用一般将来时）+ if+表示条件的从句（用一般现在时） e.g. I will be happier if l leave.,78,Unit 10. Health and Leisure,79,1.,表示指令和忠告1）,祈使句：表示指令和请求，但表示请求时口气比较生硬，其否定形式在动词原形前加Dont.e.g. Pass me some salt, please. Never go by car when you could walk. Dont move.有礼貌地提出要求，可用：Could you, please?Please could you?Can you, please?Would you please?,80,2）,表示忠告 A. 主语+should+动词原形 e.g. You should do something more useful. B. 委婉语气可用：If I were you, Id+动词原形（虚拟条件句） e.g. If I were you, Id bring it with me.,81,2. 虚拟条件句 1) 用法：表示与事实相反的愿望，假想 2) 句型：If+从句主语+动词过去式/be动词用were，主句主语+should(第一人称)/would（第二，三人称）+动词原形 e.g. If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 3）虚拟条件句的疑问形式 把主句变为疑问形式：What will you do if she arrives late?,82,3. 和体重相关的词汇1),put on weight：（指人）增加体重，长胖2),lose weight：（指人）减轻体重，变苗条3),keep weight off：保持体重不增长4),weight goes up：体重增加5),weight goes down：体重下降6),be on a diet：节食（状态）7),go on a diet：节食（动作）,83,4. 现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been+过去分词5. 现在完成进行时：have/has been+过去分词,84,Unit 11. Health Care and Travel and Health,85,1. 进行时的被动语态1） 被动语态的结构：助动词be的适当形式+过去分词2） 一般现在时的被动语态：is/am/are+过去分词3） 一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+过去分词4） 现在进行时的被动语态：is/am/are+being+过去分词过去进行时的被动语态：was/were+being+过去分词,86,2. either, neither 1) either, either of, either or:表示两者间的选择A.,either: 可单独使用B.,either of: either 后有代词时用ofC.,eitheror: 谓语动词视or之后的词的形式1),neither, neither of, neithernor A. neither: 可单独使用B.neither of:neither 后有代词时用of C. neithernor:谓语动词视nor之后的词的形式,87,3. 间接引语 1）直接引语：一字不改地引述别人的话间接引语：用说话人自己的话转述别人的话 2）引述动词：say, tell, ask, think, reply, report,88,3）直接引语变为间接引语时，以下方面需要做相应的变化A.人称变化 e.g. The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class.B.指示代词的变化 e.g. He said, “I like this book.”He said that he liked this book.He said that he liked that book.,89,C.时间状语的变化e.g. He said, “I saw her yesterday.” He said he saw her yesterday. He said he had seen her the day before.nowthenagobeforetodaythat daytomorrowthe next day, the following dayyesterdaythe day before, the previous day the day before yesterdaytwo days beforethe day after tomorrowthe days later,90,D.,地点状语的变化 e.g. He said, “I will do it here” He said he would do it there.E.,时态的变化 e.g. He said, “Im sorry.”He said he was sorry.He said, “You havent changed much”He said that I hadnt changed much.He said, “Shes waiting”He said she was waiting.He said, “The man came at six.”He said that the man had come at six.He said, “He will come late.”He said he would come late.,91,F.,如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为直接引语时，将疑问句改为陈述句语序 e.g. He asked, “How do you like it?” He asked how I liked it.G.,如果直接引语是一般疑问句或表请求的陈述句，变为间接引语时，需在引述动词或加，并将疑问词变为陈述句语序。 e.g. Can I take it away? He asked if he could take it away.,92,