初中英语教程名词讲解

,Company name,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,初中英语教程名词讲解,普通名词：,指表示一类人,、,抽象概念的名词,。,例如：,表示东西、事物的。 如,book,、,computer,、,tree,、,chopsticks(,筷子,),表示一类人的。如,boy,、,girl,、,woman,、,man,、,teacher,、,father,表示抽象概念，像人的情感、品质、精神的。如,happiness,、,trouble,、,pleasure,（愉快、快乐）、,industry,（勤劳）,辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词：,computer,，,take,coffee,，,water,，,run. notebook. bring, table, sport interesting, Monday age new actor sell,专有名词,:,指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。,具体说来，它包括人名、,国家、,地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等,。,Jim,吉姆,China,中国,Mr.,Smith,史密斯先生,July,七月,Friday,星期五,the,YellowRiver,黄河,Christmas,圣诞节,English,英语,A Tale of,Two,Cit,ies,双城记,专有名词的首字母通常要大写,名词,：,可数名词,不可数名词,单数,复数,转变,可数名词的复数变化,：,1.,可数,名词复数,的规则变化,：,(1),一般情况加词尾,-s,，如,book-books, desk-desks,penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys等。其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap ， boyboys.,(2),以,s, x, sh, ch,等结尾的名词，通常加词尾,-es,：,bus -buses, box -boxes, dish-dishes,，,match-matches,（比赛），,watch-watches,等。,Practice:,There are many,(bus) and,(car) on the street.,.I have two,(watch), so I give a,(watch) to my sister.,Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some,（,dish,）,cars,buses,watches,watch,dishes,3),以,y,结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：,以,“,辅音字母,+y”,结尾的名词，将,y,改为,ies,；,如：,city-cities,baby-babies,factory-factories,countrycountries, familyfamilies,B,ut,以,“,元音字母,+y”,结尾的名词，直接加词尾,-s,：,如：,toy / toys,holiday / holidays,boyboys,daydays等。,(4),),以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词，多数变,f,或,fe,为,v,加,es:,如：,wife-wives, knife-knives,（小刀），,Leaf-leaves,（树叶）；,life-lives(,生命,),，,scarf-scarves(,围巾,),记住以下,10,个要把,f,或者,fe,改成,v,加,es,的单词：,wife(,妻子,),，,life(,生命,),，,knife(,小刀,),，,leaf(,树叶,),，,thief(,贼,),，,half(,一半,),，,self(,自己,),，,shelf(,架子,),，,loaf(,面包,),，,wolf(,狼,),。,重点,但,roof-roofs(,屋顶,),是例外！,(5),以,“,辅音字母,+o”,结尾的名词,加词尾,es,；如,tomato- tomatoes,；,potato,-,potato,es,hero(,英雄,)-heroes,But,以,“,元,音字母,+o”,结尾的名词,，加词尾,s,；如,radioradios,（收音机）；,piano-pianos,但注意,photophotos,（相片）,练习：,写出下列单词的单数或复数形式,friend,cat,tree,s,s,question,s,s,key,s,toy,s,photo,s,tomato,es,potato,es,leaf,/leaves,zoo,s,radio,s,holiday,s,baby,/babies,city,/cities,roof,s,bus,es,box,es,We need more,(potato), can,you go and take some , please ?,(Knife),are used for cutting,things.,When we saw his face, we knew,the,(news) was bad.,Please remember give the horse,some tree,(leaf).,potatoes,Knives,news,leaves,单复数同形,:,英语中，有些名词的单数与复数同行,:,例：,people,、,Chinese,、,Japanese,、,fish,、,deer,（鹿）、,sheep,（绵羊）,e.g: There are,many fish,in the river.,We have,a fish,for lunch.,补充：,“某国人”的复数有三种类型：,Chinese,、,Japanese,的单复数同型，不需要加“,s,”,;,Englishmen,、,Frenchman,，复数要把“,man,”变为“,men,”；,其他各国人以,an,、,ian,结尾的均直接加“,s,”,:,如,Americans,、,Australians,、,Indians,注意：,German,是,Germans!,名词复数的不规则变化,有的名词单数变复数时，没有一定的规则，需特别记忆：,man / men,男人,woman / women,女人,child / children,小孩,tooth / teeth,牙齿,foot / feet,脚,goose / geese,鹅,mouse / mice,老鼠,ox / oxen,公牛,注意：,1,、,一些以,man, woman,结尾的,合成词,，在构成复数时与,man, woman,的变化形式相同，如：,policeman / policemen(,警察,),，,Englishman / Englishmen (,英国人,),，,Frenchman/ Frenchmen(,法国人,),注意：,与,man,、,woman,两个词组成的复合词，名词本身和这个词都要变成复数。,如：,Woman doctor/ women doctors,Man worker/ men workers,Man driver/ men drivers,注意,:,复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数：,passer-by / passers-by,过路人,looker-on / lookers-on,旁观者,若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词尾加,s,：,注意：,单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police,population等。,表示有生命的名词的所有格(可以理解为。的)其单数形式是加s 其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of 结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers,正误辨析 （,1,）,Please give me a paper.,正,Please give me a piece of paper.,析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因,paper,在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：,two pieces of paper.,正误辨析 （,2,）,Please give me two letter papers.,正,Please give me two pieces of letter paper.,析,paper,作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：,Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.,正误辨析 （,3,）,My glasses is broken.,正,My glasses are broken.,I want to buy two shoes.,正,I want to buy two pairs of shoes.,析英语中,glasses,眼镜，,shoes,鞋，,trousers,裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用,a pair of glasses,而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：,This pair of glasses is very good.,正误辨析 （,4,）,May I borrow two radioes?,正,May I borrow two radios?,析以,o,结尾的名词大都是用加,es,来表示其复数形式，但如果,o,前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加,s,就可以了。这样的词有,zoozoos,pianopianos.,正误辨析 （,5,）,This is a Marys dictionary.,正,This is Marys dictionary.,析如名词前有指示代词,this, that, these (,这些,)those,（那些）,及其他修饰词,our,some, every, which,或所有格时，则不要再加冠词（,the,a,an,）。,正误辨析 （,6,）,There are much people in the garden.,正,There are many people in the garden.,析可数名词前应用,many, few, a few, a lot of,来修饰，而,people,是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：,The people are planting trees here.,正误辨析 （,7,）,I want a few water.,正,I want a little water.,析不可数名词前可以用,a little, little, a lot of, some,（,some,也可以修饰可数名词,some apples,）来修饰，但不可用,many,few,来修饰。,正误辨析 （8）,Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.,正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.,Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.,正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.,Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.,正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.,析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team 等。,正误辨析 （9）,Dont eat too much meats.,正Dont eat too much meat.,Food in that restaurant is very good.,正The food in that restaurant is very good.,析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词( a,an）。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词（the）。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.,正误辨析 （10）,Please give me two waters.,正Please give me two glasses of water.,正Please give me two coffees.,析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf(条) of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl （碗）of rice,a bottle of orange juice,a bag of earth,例： Ill tell you a piece of good news.,但只有coffee 可以用coffees 来取代many cups of coffee.,正误辨析 （11）,Can you give me the newspaper of today?,正Can you give me todays newspaper?,析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s 来构成而不用of 结构。如：a five minutes walk.,正误辨析 （12）,My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.,正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.,析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。,正误辨析 （13）,Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.,正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.,析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens（绿地）， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth 则是布， sand 沙子，而sands 是沙滩。,正误辨析 （14）,We have five German in this meeting.,正We have five Germans in this meeting.,析英国人Englishman 的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man 的组合词。,正误辨析 （15）,We have many woman teachers in our school.,正We have many women teachers in our school.,析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughters in law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是boy student则变为boy students,正误辨析 （16）,Physics are very difficult to learn.,正Physics is very difficult to learn.,析虽以s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻),正误辨析 （17）,There is a people in the room.,正There is a person in the room.,正There is a man in the room.,析people 是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。,正误辨析 （18）,I paid five pennies for the sweet.,正I paid five pence for the sweet.,析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence 用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies 是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。,正误辨析 （,19,）,There are many fruit in the shop.,正,There are many fruits in the shop.,析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。,正误辨析 （,20,）,There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys.,正,There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.,析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加,s,如：,Marys car.,如果是以,s,结尾的复数名词则只在,s,后面加如：,teachers offices.,如果是复数名词但不是以,s,结尾，则只加,s,，如：,childrens palace,组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加,s,如：,girl friend girl friends,，,someone elsesomeone elses,，,a week or threea week or threes,如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：,It is my girl friend, Marys car.,要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加,s,，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加,s,，如：,This is Mary and Jones home.,即,Mary,与,Jone,是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而,These are Marys and Jones homes.,则应译为这里是,Mary,的家与,Jone,的家。,正误辨析 （,21,）,He is an old friend of my father.,正He is an old friend of my fathers.,析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.,正误辨析 （,22,）,He is an old friend of my father.,正,He is an old friend of my fathers.,析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：,This pen is Toms.,正误辨析 （23）,The young is dancing there.,正The young are dancing there.,析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。,正误辨析 （24）,The stories of the book was written many years ago.,正The stories of the book were written many years ago.,析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。,正误辨析 （25）,This is one of the English Chinese dictionary.,正This is one of the English Chinese dictionaries.,析one of 意为“之一”，of 后面的名词要用复数形式。,正误辨析 （,26,）,Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.,正,Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.,析,uncle Wangs,意为“王叔叔家”，,doctors,意为“医院或私人诊所”。,正误辨析 （,27,）,I want to tell you much pieces of good news.,正,I want to tell you many pieces of good news.,析,news,为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用,many,来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说,I want to tell you some good news.,因,some,即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：,I want to tell you some pieces of good news.,正误辨析 （,28,）,There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them.,正,There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it.,析,information,为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用,it,而不能用,them.,正误辨析 （,29,）,The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.,正,The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.,析英文中,cloth,clothes,clothing,是易混之词：,cloth,是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而,clothing,是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。,clothes,是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：,This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.,英文中的,dress,则指较正规的服装，如：,a school dress,校服，,an evening dress,晚礼服。,正误辨析 （,30,）,I like to study the English.,正,I like to study English.,析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：,I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.,正误辨析 （,31,）,The Browns is going to visit China.,正,The Browns are going to visit China.,析定冠词加姓加,s,，则意为“,Brown,先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：,Brown,先生一家将要访问中国。,训练,1. Lucy and Lily,in the same class.,A. am B. is C. are D. be,答案,C.,析由,and,连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。,训练,2. Which is the,to the bus stop,，,please?,A road B way C street D address,答案,B.,析这是考察同意词辨析，,road,是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而,street,意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而,way,则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而,address,则为“地址”。如：,There is a car running along the country road.,训练,3. Hurry up!There is time left.,A little B a little,C few D a few,答案A.,析因time 作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few 来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little 而不用a little.,训练,4. How many,can you see in the picture?,A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato,答案,B.,析用,How many,提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而,tomato,的复数要加,es.,训练,5. ,is the meat. Please?, Ten yuan a kilo.,A How much B How many,C How old D How long,答案,A.,析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用,how much,提问。,训练,6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is,.,A James Allen B Allen Green,C James Green D Mr. Green,答案,A.,析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作,given name,而姓在英文中是,family name.,训练,7 Shanghai is one of the biggest,in our country.,A city B citys C citys D cities,答案,D.,析复音字母以,y,结尾的单词的复数形式要把,y,变成,i,再加,es,。,one of,加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。,训练,8 Would you please pass me,?,A two paper B two papers,C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers,答案,C.,析,paper,是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词,piece.,训练,9 September 10th is Day.,A Teacher B Teachers,C Teachers D Teachers,答案D.,10 I only have bread for lunch today.,A a bit B a bit of C little D few,答案B.,训练,11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“Id like two,.”,A glass of milk B glasses of milk,C glass of milks D glasses of milks,答案,B.,训练,12 There isnt,paper in the box. Will you go and get,for me?,A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any,答案,A.,析,any,用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用,some,而不要按一般语法规律用,any.,训练,13 June 1st is.,A Childrens day B childrens Day,C Childrens Day D childrens day,答案C.,14 These foreign friends are.,A German B Germen C Germany D Germans,答案D.,训练,15 All the students are busy, so,of them will go to the cinema.,A many B little C a few D few,答案,D.,析,student,是可数名词，而,few,用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。,训练,16 There are three,and seven,in the picture.,A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep,C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps,答案,C.,析,deer,与,sheep,均是单复同形的名词。,