独立主格

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,P,o,w,e,r,B,a,r,中国专业,PPT,设计交流论坛,独立主格结构,（,Absolute Structure,）,历年真题,_,，,We missed our plane.,（,2002,年）,The train being late,To be late,The train is being late,The train which is late,2. _ nothing to talk about, he said good-bye and went out of the room.,（,2005,年）,There was,There being,Being,There been,3. All the tasks _ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.,（,2011,年）,had been fulfilled,were fulfilled,having been fulfilled,been fulfilled,独立主格结构,一,.,概念,二,.,构成形式,三,.,句法功能,四,.,特点,五,.,注意事项,一、独立主格结构的概念,独立主格结构（,Absolute Structure,）有两部分组成，前一部份是,名词,或者,代词,，后一部分是非,谓语动词,(,不定式、,动名词,和,分词,),或,形容词,、,副词,、或,介词短语,。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。,非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑,主语,须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用,现在分词,，被动用过去分词。,非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的,代词,又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。,二、独立主格结构基本构成形式,（一）,一般独立主格形式,:,与主句逻辑关系松散,名词,(,主格代词,)+,现在分词,名词,/,主格代词与,现在分词,之间是主动关系。如：,The girl staring at him,(= As the girl stared at him),he didnt know what to say.,姑娘两眼望着他，他不,知道说什么好。,Time permitting,(= If time permits), we will go for an,outing tomorrow.,如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊,游。,2.,名词,(,代词,)+,过去分词,名词,/,主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。如：,The problems solved,(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.,随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。,Her glasses broken,(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.,由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。,3.,名词,(,代词,)+,不定式,在“名词,/,代词,+,动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。,The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.,我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。,Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.,种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。,4.,名词,(,主格代词,)+,形容词,An air accident happened to the,plane,nobody,alive,.,那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。,So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.,这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。,Computers very small, we can use them widely.,电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。,5.,名词,(,主格代词,)+,副词,The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.,散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。,The lights off, we could not go on with the work.,灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。,6.,名词,(,代词,)+,名词,His first shot failure,，,he fired again,他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。,Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.,两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。,7.,名词,(,代词,) +,介词短语,He lay at full length upon his stomach,，,his head resting upon his left forearm,他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。,Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,，,a vast load of firewood on her back,每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。,（二）,with,，,without,引导的独立主格结构,with ( without)+,宾语（名词,/,代词）,+,宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。,The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.,小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（,without +,名词,/,代词,+,动词的,-,ing,形式）,Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.,她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。,（,without+,名词,/,代词,+,动词的,-ed,形式）,The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.,有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（,with+,名词,/,代词,+,动词不定式）,The boy was walking, with his father ahead.,父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（,with+,名词,/,代词,+,副词）,He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.,或,He stood at the door, computer in hand.,他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（,with+,名词,/,代词,+,介词短语）,With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.,由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（,with+,名词,/,代词,+,形容词）,在,with (without),的复合结构中，多数情况下,with,能省略，但,without,不能省略。,（三）其他形式,There being +,名词（代词）,如：,There being nothing else to do, we went home.,没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。,There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.,没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。,It being +,名词（代词）,如：,It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.,由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。,三、独立主格结构的句法功能,独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个,状语从句,，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：,表示时间,The meeting being over, all of us went home.,开完会后我们都回家了。,Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea.,她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。,表示条件,The condition being,favourable, he may succeed.,若条件有利，他或许能成功。,表示原因,There being no taxis, we had to walk.,没有出租车，我们只好步行。,He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty,.,夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。,表示伴随情况,Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all,.,几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。,(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.),四、特点,1,）独立主格结构的,逻辑主语,与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。,2,）名词或代词与后面的,分词,，,形容词,，,副词,，不定 式，,介词,等是主谓关系。,3,）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,五、独立主格结构注意事项,1.,独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,2.,动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词,-ed,形式表示动作已经结束，动词,-,ing,形式往往表示动作正在进行。,The manager looks worried,，,many things to settle.,经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式,to settle,，表示将来的时间）,The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.,许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。,（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词,settled,表示动作已经结束）,The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.,小孩一边做饭，一边看电视（两个动作同时进行）,3.,独立主格结构介词使用的问题,当介词是,in,时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但,with,的复合结构不受此限制。,A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand,前不能加,his),劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。,当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。,He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.,他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。,4.,独立主格结构与独立成分的异同,有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：,Generally speaking,（总的说来），,Frankly speaking,（坦率地说），,Judging from,（从,判断），,Supposing,（假设），等等。,Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.,总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。,Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.,由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。,有些固定短语是带,to,的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：,to be honest,（老实说），,to be sure,（确实），,to tell you the truth,（说实话），,to cut a long story short,（长话短说），,to be frank,（坦率地说），,to make matters / things worse,（更糟糕的是），等等。,To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.,说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。,5,独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。,If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends.,转换为：,Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends.,如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。,When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.,转换为：,Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.,从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。,