词素结构

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Chapter 3,Morphological structure of,English words,Objectives:,Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification;,Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-formation,Teaching focus,:,Definition of morphemes,Definition of allomorphs,Types of Types of morphemes,free morpheme,bound morpheme,Definitions of root, stem and base,1.,Morpheme,What is,a,morpheme,？,It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.,语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位,2. Morph and allomorph,The definition of morphs,：,The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed morphs.,语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。,Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.,形素是口语中最小的意义载体。,What is an allomorph?,An allomorph,is,one of the,variants of the same morpheme.,语素,/,形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。,For example,When the plural marker s is added to,cat, dog,and,horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z,-,iz,/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme s, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme s.,3.,Classifications of morphemes,Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alone,Derivational vs. inflectional,morphemesapplying to affixes only,Content,/ lexical,vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis,Free vs. bound morphemes,自由语素与粘着语素,Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.,自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。,E.g,., man, wind, open, tour,Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.,粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。,Free morphemes are all,roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words.,自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。,Bound morphemes consist of either,roots (bound roots) or affixes.,粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。,E.g,., bound r,oot,: -,dict,-, -,ced,-,affix: -ion, -,ist, -,ic,A,multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes,eg,: ante-,ced-ent,.,-,ced,-,是词根，接近，,ante-,是前缀，在,前，,-,ent,是后缀，人，物，,Derivational vs. inflectional,morphemes,派生语素与,屈折语素,What are derivational and inflectional morphemes?,Derivational morphemes,are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives,and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.,派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。,Inflectional morphemes,indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.,屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。,Whats the difference between them?,Inflectional,Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (workwork,s,),Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. (,grammatical,meaning),Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.,Occurs at margins of words. (radioradio,s,),Derivational,Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-,dis,like, sleep,a,sleep),Indicates semantic relations within the word.,(specific,lexical meaning,，,e.g.,un,-,),Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes,Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.,Content,/ lexical,vs. grammatical,morphemes,Lexical,词汇,/ content,实义,morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words (,blackbird,is coined on the basis of 2 lexical morphemes:,black and bird,.), and derivational morphemes such as,ship, -,ize,.,Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-books) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have, theyfunctional words),3.4 Identifying Morphemes,How to identify morphemes?,They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution.,e.g.,mono-morphemic: sky,double-morphemic: chill + y, boy +,ish,triple-morphemic:,un+dress+ed,care+less+ness,four-morphemic:,un+fruit+ful+ness,over-four-morphemic:,un+gentle+man+li+ness,In what situation do morphemes mismatch between form and meaning?,1),Inconsistent,in form and meaning:,singer ( one who),er,clearer ( the comparative degree),eraser (one object),2),Meaningless,in isolation but meaningful in some words,cran,-,huckle,- berry,boysen,-,3),Difficult,to define the meaning,-,ceive,in conceive/perceive/receive,3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation,In word-formation, morphemes are labeled,root, stem, base and affix,.,在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。,Affix,Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes.,词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。,Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes,屈折词缀和派生词缀,Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.,表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。,They express the following meanings,:,Plurality,名词复数,The,genitive case,名词所有格,The,comparative and superlative degrees,形容词,/,副词比较级、最高级,The,verbal endings,动词词尾变化,e.g. -s in chairs,pens,;,-,es,in boxes, tomatoes;,-en in oxen,e.g. s in boys,childrens,e.g. -,er,in words like smaller; -,est,in words like smallest.,a. -(,e)s,in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense.,b. -,ing,in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund.,c. -(,e)d,in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.,Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes,They can be further divided into,prefixes and suffixes.,(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root,.,e.g.,，,un,just,re,write.,As a rule, most prefixes modify,the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.,(2) Suffixes are affixes after the root,By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberat,ion, modern,ize,.,Root, stem, base,词根、词干、词基,A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.,词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.,词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.,词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。,词根、词干、词基,词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。,词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。,它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。,Task: Analyse the word in terms of root, stem and base.,e.g,., (root/base) (derivational suffix),desire able,(derivational prefix) ( base),un desirable (a.),(stem/base) (inflectional suffix),undesirable (n.) s,(root/stem/base) (inflectional suffix),desire (v.) d,1. desire (v.):,是词根（不可再分解），是词干（可以加屈折词缀，如过去时态,-,ed,），是词基。,2. desirable (adj.):,不是词根（可再分解）；不是词干（不可以加屈折词缀），是词基（既可以加词缀，又能再分解下去）。,3. undesirable (n.):,不是词根（可再分解）；是词干（可以加屈折词缀，如名词复数,-s,），也是词基,。,Assignment,Answer the question:,What is the difference between grammtical and lexical morphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes? Give examples to illustrate their relationships.,The End,Thank you!,