学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit-4

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,学术英语 理工,Academic English,for Science and Engineering,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Unit Contents,1,Writing a literature review,2,Writing a self-contained literature review,3,Writing a literature review as a part of an essay,4,Citation,5,Documentation,6,Avoiding plagiarism,7,Paraphrasing,8,Enhancing your academic language,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Unit 3 Listening to Lectures,1 Writing a literature Review,1,The four essays were published right after the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.,2,Radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day. Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strength of radiation exposure.,1 Writing a literature Review,3,Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature Review,5,It seems that the Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and the phrases like “I am simply floored”, “let officials be oblivious”, “not to be outdone”, “Do not tell us about that”. Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 11,1 By how many particles of radiation from natural sources has a typical person been struck every second?,A typical person is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 11,2 How many deaths are estimated to be caused by air pollution from coal burning per year?,Air pollution from coal burning is estimated to be causing 10,000 deaths per year.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 11,3 What problems can very high radiation doses cause?,Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 h,10 j,1 i,2 f,3 g,4 c,6 a,7 b,8 e,9 d,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,1 a small,(缺口) in the dam,2,(浅的) foundation,3,(履行) a promise,4 the,(幸存者) of the earthquake,5,(假设的) situation,6,(发起) a reform,7 have,(潜力) as an artist,8,(不顾) their strong disagreement,9,(中和) acids,10 be in,(联系) with each other,11,(运输) goods by lorry,12 the,(大量) of exports,breach,shallow,implement,survivor(s),hypothetical,initiate,potential,despite,neutralize,contact,transport,v,olume,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,13,(穿透) the fog,14,(证实) my suspicious,15,(战略) of sustainable development,16 a rough,(估计) of your income,17,(显著的) change,18 power,(产生),19,(转移) ones glance from an ugly sight,20,(医学的) apparatus and instruments,21,(传播) knowledge,22 territorial,(完整),23,(赔偿) for the loss,penetrate,confirm,s,trategy,estimate,noticeable,generation,avert,medical,disperse,integrity,compensate,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph.,Radiation,(和原子能有联系). It can cause unwanted chemical reactions in the cell and proteins to fold improperly. Whether it is harmful to mans health,(某种程度上取决于) the degree of exposure. In small doses, the cell has enough mechanisms to,(来对付) misfolded proteins and repair itself. When exposed to a large amount of radiation, the cells defenses are overwhelmed. Therefore an increase in cancer in the area where,(辐射泄漏发生) often,(由于长时间暴露在辐射下).,is associated with nuclear energy,depends somewhat on,take care of,radiation leakage takes place,arises from,heavy exposure of radiation,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Enhancing your academic language,1 辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中,一般人每秒钟都遭受着来自自然资源中15，000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1，000亿个粒子的辐射。,2 这些材料主要通过发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物，核电站事故和放射性材料运输事故、以及放射性废料从隔离系统中泄漏而与人体发生接触的。,3 在利用现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多事可以做；如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进一步实施这项技术，那么每一种由核工业造成的疾病中有80例遗传疾病都将得到防止。,Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.,4高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死亡，但这种“明显的”死亡仅仅在2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中能够被预料到，在0.2%的熔毁事故中会超过100天，而在1/100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3，500天。,5 对于氡效应的全面估计是一家运行了一年的核电站最终将避免几百人死亡，而一个同等的煤电厂将最终导致30人死亡。,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 12,1 What do the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on?,The health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 12,2 What are the first symptoms of radiation sickness? How about a period of serious illness?,The first symptoms of radiation sicknessnausea, vomiting, and diarrheacan appear within minutes or in days, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A period of serious illness, including appetite loss, fatigue, fever, gastrointestinal problems, and possible seizures or coma, may follow and last from hours to months.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 12,3 Why are the effects of long-term, low-dose radiation much more difficult to gauge?,DNA damage from ionizing radiation can cause mutations that lead to cancer, especially in tissues with high rates of cell division, such as the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive cells and bone marrow. But the increase in cancer risk is so small as to be difficult to determine without studying a very large exposed population of people.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 j,10 g,1 e,2 a,3 i,4 h,6 c,7 b,8 d,9 f,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,1 The match wont,(发生冲突) the,general election.,2,(勇敢面对) difficulties,3 Some drugs have a,(有毒的) effect on the body.,4 The fuel,(测量仪器) dropped swiftly.,5 Its,(后果) will never be fully known.,6 the,(持续时间) of the movie,7 a box of,(纸巾),8 Accounting and banking have changed,(戏剧地).,9 suggest a possible,(情况),collide with,brave,deleterious,gauges,aftermath,duration,tissues,dramatically,scenario,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,10 Physics is governed by,(宇宙的) laws.,11 Everything is absolutely,(正常的).,12 Water power can be used to,(形成) electricity.,13 The children were,(疏散) to the country.,14 This city,(经历) great changes.,15,(承受) the severe fuel shortage,16 Energy is released by the,(裂变) of atomic nuclei.,17,(调整) a number of its strategies,cosmic,normal,generate,evacuated,underwent,sustain,fission,reposition,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,18 Everyone must,(遵守) by the law.,19 keep calm in an,(突发事件),20 a famine,(随之而来的) the war,21 The project could,(刺激) imports.,22 The house was a,(残骸).,23 be used for tracking virus,(传播),24 make great profit in the,(长期的) growing,25 To,(犯错误) is human.,26 I would,(警告) you against undue,optimism.,abide,emergency,in the wake of,stoke,wreck,prevalence,long-term,err,caution,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph.,(当涉及) the use of nuclear energy, the debate about it has never ceased. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster,(再一次引起对的担忧) the safety of nuclear power plants. Although nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the worlds energy and 1314% of the worlds electricity, people now have to,(权衡其危险和优点). For radiation leakage often follows,(紧随而来的) the disaster of a nuclear power plant and poses many threats to people and the environment.,When it comes to,has again,weigh their risks and benefits,in the wake of,raised concerns over,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,1 尽管放射性的蒸汽已经被释放以降低被毁坏的络合物反应堆的压力，并且在三次爆炸中有额外的辐射泄露，但是正在发生的辐射水平却没有一直处于最高点。,2 这一类型的辐射有足够的能量来电离原子（通常通过毁坏电子而产生正电），从而给予这些原子化学潜能，使之与生物组织中的原子和分子发生对人体有害的反应。,3 这是因为大部分的伽玛射线和X光射线无需通过与身体的组织发生作用（就原子水平而言，身体基本上是中空的空间）而直接穿透身体，而无法穿透组织的射线和射线则会通过与身体原子的碰撞使其能量得以扩展，并且有可能导致更多的损坏。,Translate the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,4 由于电离辐射所带来的脱氧核糖核酸的破坏可能会造成重大改变，导致癌症的发生，尤其是对有高频率细胞分裂的组织，比如消化道、生殖细胞和骨髓。,5 根据冈萨雷斯的观点，在切尔诺贝利工作的一些应急工人受了几西韦特的辐射。因为酷热的缘故，许多人基本上是“赤裸”地工作，这就使得被污染的粉末通过他们的皮肤被身体吸收。,Translate the following sentences from Text 12 into Chinese.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 13,1 Writing a literature review,1 Why do the officials tend to downplay everything concerning radiation?,Officials tend to downplay everything, so as not to make the masses panic as were being adversely affected from all sorts of things.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 13,1 Writing a literature review,2 How many years would the processes take to deem those radioactive elements harmless according to experts in a talk show?,Listening to a talk show recently, experts say that the processes would take some 80 to 100 years to deem those radioactive elements harmless.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 13,1 Writing a literature review,3 What is the writers attitude toward the building of nuclear reactor?,Negative.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 i,10 b,1 f,2 d,3 g,4 h,6 e,7 j,8 a,9 c,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,1 make the masses,(恐慌),2 feed the,(营养不良的),3 the,(禽类) market,4,(监控) the radiation in food,5,(合成的) drugs,6,(难倒) by his question,7 smaller,(浓度) of radiation in the environment,8 lie,(明目张胆地),panic,malnutritioned,poultry,monitor,synthetic,floor,concentrations,blatantly,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,9 a,(极端的) situation,10,(确保) safety,11 a less-informed,(老百姓),12 local,(家禽) farmers,13 be,(困惑不解) by increases in disease,14,(代表) manufacturing companies,15,(认为) the radioactive elements harmless,16 in a state of,(极乐),17 a(n),(检测得到的) increase of radiation in the milk,dire,ensure,populace,livestock,perplexed,represent,deem,bliss,detectable,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,18 a(n),(吞食) their prey,19,(分心) me from my work,20,(造成) no health concern,21 a milk,(样品),22 have an,(不利的) impact,23 new glass cases,(密不透风地) sealed,24,(偏高的) levels of radioactive material in water,25 the,(即将到来的) talks,devoured,distract,pose,sample,adverse,hermetically,elevated,forthcoming,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph.,(令人吃惊的是) that PM2.5, which has been long with us, is found dangerous to our health. But officials,(对其危险轻描淡写) of PM2.5, so as not to make the masses panic. They,(认为PM2.5没有危害性) except that one is exposed to a large amount of it. Is it true? According to scientists, PM or particulate matter, is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time and,(对人造成严重危害) as PM2.5 penetrates deeper into the parts of the lungs that are more vulnerable to injury. So I think,(最好多加以思考然后) arguing that PM2.5 is harmless.,It should come as a surprise,deem PM2.5 harmless,pose a serious risk to humans,tend to downplay the risk,it would be better to think twice before,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,1 官员们为了不让公众恐慌，这一次又将辐射轻描淡写。事实上周围各种事物已经给我们带来有害影响： 如，添了氟化物的水、化学杀虫剂、不必要的强制接种、使用激素、用人工饲料喂养牲畜和家禽和改变基因的农产品等。,2 任何正常人在未来的80到100年都不再想去日本，这一事实足以表明那里的形势有多么严峻。,3 日常生活中辐射无处不在，已检测出的辐射与我们每天接触到的相比，数量微乎其微。,Translate the following sentences from Text 13 into Chinese.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,4 不存在一个较低的辐射量下限，低于这个下限辐射是安全的，不会造成危害。任何数量的辐射都会破坏人体细胞。,5 当我们的兄弟正在遭受苦难时，哪怕他们离我们很远，我们怎么会无动于衷呢？,Translate the following sentences from Text 13 into Chinese.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 14,1 Writing a literature review,1 What effects can cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-239 have on the body?,Cesium-137 can travel through the food chain in milk or vegetables and can increase the risk of various,cancers; strontium-90 is absorbed into bones and teeth and can increase the risk of leukemia or bone cancer. Plutonium-239 is toxic if inhaled.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 14,1 Writing a literature review,2 What is one of the possible acute effects of exposure to high levels of radiation over a small period of time?,Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) or radiation sickness.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 14,1 Writing a literature review,3 Through what way does the chronic exposure to radiation increase cancer?,Chronic exposure to radiation increases cancer risk by disrupting the control process of repairing damaged tissue, permitting uncontrolled cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 h,10 a,1 i,2 b,3 f,4 e,6 j,7 d,8 c,9 g,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,1 the,(症状) of depression,2 the,(核心) curriculum,3 speak in a,(威胁的) tone,4 a study on the male,(不育),5,(危害) human health,6 the,(日积月累的) effect of human activity on the environment,7 a harmful,(剂量) of radiation,8,(摄入) radioactive particles through,exposed food,9,(穿透) the skin,symptoms,core,menacing,sterility,compromise,cumulative,dose,ingest,penetrate,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the following expressions or sentences.,10 his,(过早的) death at the age of 37,11 the temperature,(徘徊) around 38 degrees,12,(打乱) the process of repairing damaged tissue,13 a rise in premarital,(受孕),14 an earthquake of 9.0,(震级),15,(激发) interest in art,16 a(n),(剧烈的) pain in the chest,17 special,(设施) for the disabled,18 energy,(传送) in the form of,particles,premature,hovering,disrupt,conception(s),magnitude,spark,acute,facilities,transmitted,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph.,(估计人数) who live with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa,(从二千万到三千万).,(由于对人类造成很大的威胁), how to,(控制住这个疾病) becomes most urgent. To,(了解其性质) of transmission is the first step as,(对恐惧) the infection with HIV are unreasonable but,(继续在蔓延). There are major routes of transmission: unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth,(对产生不同的影响) the human immune system.,Estimate of the number of people,As it poses a threat to human,bring the disease under control,ranges from 20million to 30 million,get a sense of the nature,fears about,continue to spread,each will,have various effects on,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,1 2011年3月11日日本发生了9级大地震，地震引起的海啸给沿海地区造成毁灭性的破坏，海啸过后，村庄被夷为平地。,2 碘131的半衰期为8天，意味着8天过后其放射性衰弱为以前的一半，从而使它的放射性效果存在的时间相对较短。,3 人们经常受到的辐射是在一些常见的医学检查过程中造成的。想要知道3毫西弗的量有多大，不妨考虑以下几种情况：拍一次普通的乳房X光照片接受的辐射量为0.13毫西弗；胸透的辐射量为0.1毫西弗，一次常规牙齿X光片的辐射量是0.040.15毫西弗。,Translate the following sentences from Text 14 into Chinese.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,1 Writing a literature review,Enhancing your academic language,4 迄今为止，一些参与核电站抢险、力争控制核泄露形势的工作人员已经接受了高剂量的辐射，其中有几位在进入含有高浓度辐射的电站水池作业后已入院治疗。,5 接受高剂量的辐射能给健康带来各种严重问题，通常只有那些接近辐射源的人员，如核反应堆工人，才会有这些问题。短时间内的高剂量辐射可能带来的一个严重后果是急性辐射症状或辐射病。,Translate the following sentences from Text 14 into Chinese.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Compared with uranium which the production of conventional nuclear power needs, there is more,lithium in the sea water which can support 30 million years fusion fuel.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Lecture,14,Questions and answers,It is transferred from natural resources which can only,be found in handful areas and very limited.,2 Fusion is reliable for its zero carbon emission and for its quick speed of generating power.,3 The tritium doesnt exist in nature; We can make it from lithium which is in the sea.,1 Writing a literature Review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Lecture,14,Questions and answers,4 It needs a high temperature to put two kinds of hydrogen atoms together to produce high energy.,5 It is a big machine which can produce fusion nuclear through fusion reaction.,1 Writing a literature Review,1 Function:,review the previous related studies,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,2 Function:,state the previous studies limitation,3 Function:,announce the direction for further studies,2 Writing a self-contained literature review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,2 Writing a self-contained literature review,1,Stigmatization, a kind of social rejection, is big challenge to the mentally ill. They are rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their behaviors indicate that they belong to a certain labeled group.,2,To report the past studies of the topic, studies that have proved that stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the publics belief in myths about the dangerousness of the mentally ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization.,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,2 Writing a self-contained literature review,5,1),What are major causes for the rejection and fear,and can they be reduced?,2),This finding is verified by Alexander and Link (2003).,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,2 Writing a self-contained literature review,Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review,Text 11,Title:,Risk of Nucle