汉英语言的基本区别

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,汉英语言的基本区别,1,1.,主述位结构(theme structure)上的差别,汉语属主题显著 (topic-prominent) 语言,英语属主语显著 (subject-prominent)语言,2,1.这篇论文我花了很多心血。,2.看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。,3.这本书我已经看过了。,4.薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。,5.老百姓投票给领导发奖，这是我有生以来经历的第一次。,3,1. I worked very hard on this paper.,2. He isnt interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing.,3. I have already read this book.,4. It took him two long months to finish such a thin book.,5.This is the first time in my life that Ive experienced the masses voting on rewards for leaders.,.,4,2.思维方式 (thought pattern/discourse pattern) 的不同,英语的直线型（linear）,汉语的螺旋型（circular/spiral/indirect）,5,在篇章的组织结构方面：,英语篇章主要呈直线型（linear）；,汉语篇章主要呈螺旋型（circular/spiral/indirect）。,6,在遣词造句谋篇上：,循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。请看短文：,7,Soccer is a difficult sport（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others（4） They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles,8,足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。,9,Sample Paragraph Analysis,1 Keeping dogs as pets has more benefits than most people recognize.,2,First,they contribute to the health of their owners.,3 Often their demands for walks and play improve their owners exercise routine.,4 In fact, statistics show that dog owners get more regular exercise than non-dog owners do.,3 Also, they enhance health simply by being around to be petted.,4 Scientific studies have indicated that stroking a pit reduces stress and lowers blood pressure.,2,Second,they provide a means for parents to teach their children responsibility.,10,3 When parents give children a dog, they provide them the opportunity to fulfill the responsibilities of walking, feeding, and caring for its other needs.,2,Finally and most important of all,dogs enhance the well-being and emotional stability of families.,3 Older people who live alone especially rely on dogs to give them enjoyment and company.,4 Stories are numerous about elderly people who are forced to give up their pups and die soon thereafter.,5 Psychologists have suggested that the loss of the pet causes them to lose their will to live.,11,1 In brief, although dogs cause their owners trouble and expense, these animals may at the same time return unrealized value.,12,现代英语文章较简洁明了。英语文章中的汉式思维问题：使用文学典故及比喻性语言（由汉语译成英语的习语套话）。一是大量引起据典；二是遵循“开篇说明（an opening description of a specific incident）历史回顾（a look back at the usually unfortunate history of the issue or practice）现状解释（an explanation of the current much improved state of affairs）道德鞭策（a concluding moral exhortation）”的模式。如：,13,For three times the flowers in our school have bloomed and fallen, and for three years I have studied here.（花开花落已三秋，我在此校学习已三载。）As time passed, the desire of learning the language grew in my heart like a tree, bigger and bigger, so beautiful that I decided to be with her all my life.（随着时间的推移，我学习这语言的愿望，犹如心中的一棵树，愈长愈高大，美丽至极，使我决定终生与之为伴。）Time flies like an arrow.,The mountains are blue，the water is green.,a cold and hard world,By reviewing old knowledge one can acquire new.,14,3.句法结构上的差别（,Syntactic Differences）,英语:印欧语系,汉语:汉藏语系,英语结构紧凑，汉语结构松散。,重要的区别:,英语的形合(hypotaxis),汉语的意合(parataxis)。,15,英语句子常用各种形式手段连接词语、分句或从句，注重显性接应(overt cohesion)，注重句子形式和完整，注重以形显义。因此，英语句子结构紧凑严密。,汉语造句少用甚不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。结构简练明快。,16,“汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连下去；而英语的句子结构好比一串葡萄，主干可能很短，累累果实附着在上面。”(庄绎传),17,英语的形合法 (hypotaxis),注重显性接应 (overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。主要的连接手段有：关系词、连接词。介词包括简单介词（如: with，to，in，of，about）、合成介词（如inside，onto，upon，within）和成语介词（如according to，along with，in front of，on behalf of）。关系词包括关系代词和系副词如who，whom，whose，that，which，what，when，where，why，how等。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and，or，but，yet，so，however，as well as，when，while，since，unless等。,18,汉语的几个短句往往可以译成一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。如:,19,(1),眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对“工薪族”们作一个详细的调查,对我们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。,Now , I am expecting the departments concerned to survey on us“ the salaried”, so as to gain a clear understanding of our income and abandon such a high price we cant afford even if we toil to death.,(2),当今一些经济大案,立案查处,成绩卓然,群众拍手称快。,Nowadays , the public is clapping their hands in applause for the great achievement we have made in placing cases on investigation and prosecution concerning some serious economic cases.,20,英语的长句译法,On campuses all across the United States, Americans who lectured and studied in China in the 1930s and 40s today are invigorating our own intellectual life none of them with greater distinction than Professor John K. Fairbank, who honors us by joining our traveling party.,21,（今天在美国的各个大学里，曾经于30年代和40年代在中国讲学并作过研究的美国人正活跃着美国的学术生活。他们中间最有名望的是费正清教授，他这次同我们一起访华，使我们感到荣幸。）,22,On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.,23,总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。,24,英语多长句，汉语多短句,Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.,25,我们的目的是在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会。在这里，贫困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在这里，我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。,26,英语多从局,，汉语,多分局,Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?,你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？,我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？,There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.,全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。,全世界人将在社会主义的阳光下过着幸福的生活，这一天是一定会来到的。,27,练习,一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔出来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。,28,It was on a Sunday evening，when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem，that he heard the gate swing to，and saw the girl coming running among the trees，with the red cheeked，stolid Joe in swift pursuit,29,我们不应该将时间浪费在聊天上，而应该花在学习上。,密西西比河是世界上最长的河流之一，春天时河水常常漫过堤岸，许多人的生命没有安全保障。,30,Original: We should not waste our time on chatting. We should spend time on studies.,Revised: Instead of wasting our time on chatting, we should spend it studying.,31,Original: The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world, and in spring time it often overflows its banks, and many peoples lives are endangered.,Revised: The Mississippi River, which is one of the longest rivers in the world, often overflows its banks in the spring time, endangering the lives of many people.,32,4. 叙事与表态 (Narration and Statement)英语通常是表态部分（判断、结论等）在前，叙事部分（事实、描写等）在后，或先讲结果后叙原因，汉语的顺序往往相反。,33,It is not polite to smoke at the table during a western meal.1 2 在西方用餐时抽烟 是不礼貌的。 1 2,34,We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side.,我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，这是正确而必要的。,35,他们以其野心勃勃的市场战略破坏性地降低了民用电子产品的价格，这是令人感到遗憾的。,我原打算今年一月访问中国，后来我不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。,36,It is regrettable that their aggressive strategy has resulted in destructive price erosion for consumer electronics goods.,It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.,37,