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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,Page,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,英语语音部分,一、概念,元音:发音时声带振动,呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍,只受发音器官|(舌、唇)的调节,这样形成的音叫元音。,辅音:不论声带振动与否,呼出的气流在通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍,气流必须克服这种阻碍才能通过,这样形成的音叫辅音。,音素:是语音的最小单位,因素有区别意义的作用。如:live/liv/ leave /li:v/ 这两个单词都含有三个音素,但意思不一样。,音标:是英语单词的语音形式,是用来标记每个字,母,或,单词读音,的书面符号,常常放在两斜线/内。,二,.48,音素,前元音:/i:/ /i/ /e/ /,/,中元音:,/,:/ /,/ /,/,后元音:,/:/ / /,:/ /,D,或,/ /:/,合口双元音:,/ei/ /ai/ /,i/ /,u/ /au/,集中双元音:/ i,/ / e,/ / u,/,爆破音:/k/ /g/ /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/,摩擦音:/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /,/ /,/ /,/ /,/ /h/ /r/ /w/ /j/,破擦音:/,t r,/ /dr,/ /,t,/ /,d,3,/ /ts/ /dz/,鼻 音:/m/ /n/ /,/,舌侧音:/l/,48,音素发音要领:,2),元音及辅音的分类及发音特点:,1. 前元音:口腔前部作用所发出的音叫前元音。 /i:/ /i/ /,e/ /,/,特点:, 舌尖抵住下齿, 舌前部向硬颚抬起,中间留出空隙,发,/i:/ 时,舌前部抬得最高,所留空隙最小,发,/,/时,舌前部最低,所留空隙最大。,使用扁唇,发/i:/ 时牙床开得最小,发,/,/时,牙床开得最大。, /i:/ 是长音,其它都是短音。,2. 中元音: 口腔中部作用发出的音叫中元音。,/,:,/,特点:, 舌尖轻抵下齿或略为离开下齿。, 舌身的中部隆起,舌的两侧不接触上颚。, 扁唇或中常唇形。,元音发音特点,3.后元音:口腔后部作用发出的音叫后元音。,/:/ / /,:/ /,D或,/ /:/,舌身后缩,舌尖不触下齿。,舌后部向软颚抬起,舌的两侧不接触上颚。,圆唇(口形),/:/用中常唇形。,4.合口双元音:发音时牙床由不同程度的开到合,所以叫合口双元音。 /ei/ /ai/ /,i/ /,u/ /au/,集中双元音:发音时都集中到/,/上,所以叫集中双元音。,/,i,/ /,e,/ /,u,/,5.双元音发音特点:,1.前重后轻,前清后浊,第一个清晰,响亮。第二个轻弱,模糊。,2.前长后短,第一个发音较长,第二个短促。,辅音发音特点,:,1.爆破音:参加发音的器官互相接触形成阻隔,将气流逼住,然后突然取消阻隔,使气流冲出,这样形成的音叫爆破音。 /p b/ /t d/ /k /,2.摩擦音:参加发音的器官形成狭窄的气流通道,但不完全阻塞,气流逸出时摩擦或振动成音。摩擦音可以延长而发音部位不变。 /f v/ /s z/ /,/ /,/ /h r / /j/ /w/,3.破擦音:是爆破音和摩擦音二者结合,先形成阻碍,在解除阻碍的同时,舌尖向摩擦部位滑动,二个步骤紧密相连,一次送气完成 。,/,t r,/ /dr,/ /,t,/ /,d,3,/ /ts/ /dz/,4.部分辅音发音要领:,/,/ /,/ 舌尖抵住上齿的边缘,气流由上齿和舌尖的缝隙泄出。 /,/声带不振动, /,/声带振动。,/,/ /,/ 舌尖和舌前靠近上齿龈较后部分,舌身上抬,靠近上颚,上下齿稍并拢,双唇稍突出,气流由缝隙泄出。,/r/:舌尖抵住上齿龈后部,舌前正对硬腭部分,凹下成匙状,双唇稍突出,气流由舌与硬腭间泄出,有声带振动。,/w/:舌后升向软腭,双唇收圆,向前突出,气流通过时,双唇有轻微摩擦,声带振动。,/t / /d/ :舌尖抵上齿龈,气流突然冲出。,/,t,/ /,d,3,/,舌尖抵上齿龈,成发/t d/姿势,开始发第二个辅音,两者密切结合,中间无停顿。,/tr dr/;舌尖抵住上齿,后部与/r/舌势 同,先形成阻碍,舌尖慢慢离开。,3)辅音连缀:,gl, pl, sl, bl, sr, br, gr等,三,.,音节,音节:通常是有一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成的语音单位,但单独一个元音也可以构成一个音节。,eg: a,.,gainst a.gree ap.ple fa.mi.ly stu.dent,Play.er pen.cil different difficulty I a,单音节词:warm,loud ask desk strange change,双音节词:teacher machine surprise thankf,多音节词: university Japanese American,英语单词由字母组成,字母组成音节。有的词只包含一个音节叫单音节词,有的词包含两个或两个以上音节分别称为双音节词和多音节词。,另外:少数辅音字母如m n l ,/m n l/也可以构成非重读音节。,成音节:少数发音较响亮的辅音,/m n l,/,也可以和他们前面的另一个辅音构成没有元音的音节(非重读音节),people little certainly capital given,成音节条件:,1. /m n l,/,前必须有一个或几个辅音。,2.,只能出现在非重读音节中。,单词重音,(中读音节),在双音节词和多音节词中,有一个音节读得特别重而强,其余音节相对读得轻而弱,这个特别重而强的音节叫重读音节。,重音符号“,”,加在重读音节的第一个音素的左上方。,如:,between/bitwi:n/ Chinese/ /, surprise/ /,1.,单音节词单独念时一律要重读,但通常不必加重音符号“,”,。,2.,双音节词重音“,”,多加在第一个音节上;,Education population pianeer Japanese,3.,多音节词的重读,符号“,”,一般多标在倒数第三个音节上。如,;university/ /,另外,,多音节词除重音之外,有时还有一个次重读音节,符号 加在重读音节前第二个音节第一个音素的左下方,另:有些双音节词和多音节词具有两个重读音节。,(,1,)复合词,loudspeaker/laudspi:k/ kind-hearted/ kaindha:tid/ headmaster/hedma:st/,downstairs upstairs harvest-time afternoon,(2) 1319 thirteennineteen,(3) Chinese unfriendly untrue untouched unreal unknown unlike unimportant,但,unhappy unusually,只有一个重读音节。,(,4,)但大部分复合词只有一个重读符号“,”,在第一个单词上,sometimes classroom bus-driver storybook,basketball classmate schoolgirl homework everything anywhere birthday playground,newspaper grandfather shopkeeper gatekeeper get-together without,(5) 有一些词重音在后一个音节上,understand, myself,特殊: a. 以a/,/ be/bi/ dis/dis/ ex/iks/ in/in/(除interesting外) im/im/ re/ri/ to/t,/ de/di/ pre/pri/ sur/s,/ 等开头的单词重读多在第二个音节上。,b.含tion sion tian sian等发/,n/字母组合的单词重音在这个音节的前一个音节上。,开音节 闭音节,r,音节及元音字母发音规则,1.开音节:以一个发音的元音字母结尾的重读音节叫“绝对开音节”。以一个发音的元音字母加辅音字母(r除外)嫁不发音的e结尾的重读音节叫“相对开音节”。,table /teibl/ potato/p,teit,u/ station radio paper favourite famous me she he baby Australia lazy eraser Canadian student,ruler paper,相对开音节;page take make hate wake skate late plane s,p,a,c,e date late place home hike bike note nose,特殊词:come some love live move lose do to none who any many,发音规则:在开音节中a e i (y) o u 一般都发他的字母表音即所谓的长音或本身音。分别是:a/ei/ e/i:/ i (y)/ai/ o/,u/ u/ju:/ /u:/,Aa/ei/ snake space cake cage able,特殊:,have water ate,Ee/i:/ be the he she we metre even evening retell relay eve Chinese Japanese these,Ii(y)/ai/ 绝对:I my by fly sky chinese license Friday driver science tidy tiger library,相对:bike fine nine white ride size smile drive arrive decide beside polite surprise island shine,Oo/,/,u/ hello over photo broken open programmer motor ago no go so october,相对:joke hole chose close phone nose spoke,特殊:move once one shoe to do come lose done gone,Uu /ju:/ duty student pupil universe computer museum excuse Tuesday produce use usually music,/u:/ blue ruler June July true,闭音节:包含一个元音而以一个或几个辅音字母(,r,除外)结尾的重读音节叫叫闭音节,规则:a e i o u 在闭音节中一般都发它的短音 分别是:a/,/ e/e/ i/i/ o/,D,或,/ u/,/,a/,/ 例词:glad hand lab match maths can thank black map catch stand hap carry,注:凡三个音节的单词,第一个音节符合开音节的条件,但它不发开音节中的音,而常发它闭音节中的音。Family animal canada Saturday,e/e/ neck bedroom pencil then century centre French Wednesday forget eleven American exercise,i/i/ milk things which ilm hill till windows winter pity mirror difficult dictionary history 特殊:fight light high mind find kind child wild,e/e/,o/,D,或,/ knock borrow often song tomorrow strong dollar possible,u,/ u/,/brush lucky lunch uncle duck dumpling husband hungry must,Sugar pull push full put,特殊:1. o在m,n,o,th前发/,/ 如:送 other mother come nothing love none month monkey among money 但 move moment 例外。,2. both old,hold,ever one,3.a 在ss sk st n 前发/a:/ dance banana plant answer France glasss class last ask master,-,r,音节,:,元音字母,+,构成的音节重读音节教,r,音节,规则,:,ar/a:/ party large hard market card farmer hardly star pardon,er/,:/ certainly person tern German thermos,ir/,:/ thirty first skirt birthday girl dirty shirt,ur/,:/ Thursday further return nurse burning,/u,/ sure poor,/ju,/ during,or/,:/ morning forty corner sport important,/,/ sorry tomorrow foreign forest,w后发/,:/ worse world work word,注:ar在w后发/,:/ 音 warm war,A在w wh后发,/,/音 what wash watch want Washington 但water中a发/,:/,-re,音节:元音字母加,re,构成的重读音节叫,-re,音节,规则:are/,e,/ careful parent hare,/a:/are,ere /,i,/ here,/e,/ there where,ire /ai,/fire tired hire,ore /,:/ bofore more score,ure /,u,/ sure,非重读音节:在双音节或多音节词中,重读音节之 外的音节称为非重读音节。,规则:1.,a o u 在非重读音节中一般多发/,/。a u有时发/i/,2.,e i y 在非重读音节中一般多发/i/ e I 有时发/,/,3.,a o u e i(y) 有时不发音,例:,a,/,/:about again banana animal Japanese,e,/,/:broken children open different moment handred,o,/,/:today welcome policeman,u,/,/:suggest famous,/i/:,orange cinema message village,i,/i/,inventor soldier 不发音,e/i/ toilet eraser begin eleven,有时,不发音 pencil listen certainly cotton,2,. ar er ir or ur 在非重读音节中一般,都发,/,/,例:doll,ar,invent,or,visitor sweater sister water under worker surprise river other e,x,ercise daughter number,元音字母a e i(y) o u 在重读音节及非,重,读音节中的发音规则表如下:,类别,重读音节,非重读音节,规则,开音节,闭音节,-r音节,-re音节,元音字母,元音字母+r,a,/eI/,/,/,/a:/,/e,/ /a:/,/,/I/,/,/,e,/i:/,/e/,/,:/,/I,/,/e,/,/I/,/,/,/,i(y),/aI/,/I/,/,:/,/aI,/,/I/,/,/,/,o,/,u/,/D/,/,/,:,/,/,:,/,/,/,/,/,u,/ju:/ /u:/,/u,/,/,:/,/u,/,/,/,/,/,字母组合:两个元音再一起 只读一个元音,两个辅音在一起只读一个辅音,元音字母与一个或几个辅音在一起发一个比较固定的音,这些称为字母组合。例:oa/,u,/ ee/i:/ ch,/,t,/,ck/k/,元音字母组合,ar/a:/ park large hard star farther guitar 注:ar在w后读 /,:,/ warm war quarter,ai/e,I,/ tail wait nail paid train rain,ay/e,I,/ say lay day may stay playground gray pay,aw/,:,/ draw saw,au/,:,/ autumn daughter August,al/,:,/ talk tall small call ball walk,are/e,/或/a:/ parent,air/a:/ chair pair hair,augh/,:,/ caught(catch) taught(teach),ee/i:/ bee tree meet see need,ea /i:/ sea meat tea seat pea lead teach read,/e/ head bread sweater read,/e,i,/ break great,/,i,/ real really theatre,ei ey /ei/ eight they 但key /ki:/不一样,er/,:,/,her certainly,/,/,sister brother mother perhaps,ere/,e,/,/,i,/there where here,eir /,e,/their,o,a,/,u/,boat coat,oi oy/,I,/ boy toy noise voise,oo/u:/ moon school noon soon room,/u/ foot book cook good,or/,:,/ for nor sport norse horse short north,/,/ sorry orange,ow/au/ shower down town,/,u,/ window yellow show know snow,ou/au/ south found house mouth mouse loud,ough/,:,/ brough(bring) bought(buy) thought(think),our/,:,/ four fourteen your,ie/i:/ piece field believe,ir/,:,/ girl bird,ire/,e,/ hire tire fire,ur/,:,/ thursday further return nurse burn,/,/surprise,ure/u,/ sure,辅音字母组合:两个或两个以上辅音字母在一起发一个固定的音叫.,th/,/ three math throw both thirty thirteen ninth fortieth ninetieth fifth twelfth,/,/mother brother father the other another this that,ch,/,t,/,much change chair cheap which touch,/k/ chemistry Christmas Christ school headache stomch,/,/ machine,tch /,t,/ watch match,ture,/,t,/,picture furniture,ck /k/ black neck luck clock trick,gh /f/ laugh,ph /f/ photo telephone phisics geography,sh /,/ fresh sheep ship finish fish shoud shout shorts shine sh,elf,wr/r/ write wrap,wh/w/ what where which why whilewhen,wh/h/ who whose whom,tion/sion /cian /,n,/ operation population decision musician,ing/i,/ sing saying,ng /,/ /,g,/ English language longer long hung,ed/t/清辅音结尾+ed 发/t/ 例:looked missed helped washed finished watched,/d浊辅音结尾+ed 发/d/ played stayed performed moved,/id/元音结尾+ed发/id/planted wanted ended needed,kn/n/ know knock knife knee,ge/,d,3,/ orange message vegetables large,qu/kw/ quarter square quiet tw/tw/between twin twelve,连读,(liaison):把前一个词词尾的音和后一个词词首的音连起来读,这种现象叫做连读。连读用“,z”表示,连读一般发生在同一意群(即意思密切的一组词)中,主要有下列几种:,1.词末辅音和词首元音连读。What,s,z,up?,2.词末r或re和紧接其后的词首元音连读,r必须发音/r/,There,z,are some books.,3.词末元音和词首元音连读。Hes my,z,uncle.,4.词末辅音和词首辅音连读。 Help,z,yourselves!,不完全爆破,:,爆破音和其他辅音相邻时,第一个爆破音不发出爆破声,只保留发音动作,稍微停顿一下,后一个爆破音或辅音发音,这种现象称为“不完全爆破”。,爆破音+爆破音 blac,k,board si,t,down do,c,tor,爆破音 +摩擦音 my bes,t,friend brea,k,fast,爆破音 +破擦音 pi,c,ture,爆破音 +其它辅音 le,t,me mos,t,ly En,g,lish,语调:,英语中有两种基本语调,“升调”和“降调,”,只要表现为句末语调的降和升,分别用符号“,n” (降调)“ o”(升调)。,英语中陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、感叹句一般用降调。一般疑问句、选择疑问句的前一部分用声调。o、n 标在每个句子最后一个重读词上。,26个字母音标:,Aa/,e,I/,Bb/bi:/ Cc/si:/ Dd/di:/ Ee/i:/ Ff/ef/ Gg/,d,3,i:,/ Hh/,e,It,/,Ii/ai/ Jj/,X,i:,/ Kk/kei/ Ll / el / Mm/em/ Nn/en/ Oo/,u,/ Pp/ i: /Qq/kju:/ Rr /a:/ Ss/es/ Tt /ti:/ Uu/ju:/ Vv /vi:/ Ww /d,blju:/ Xx/eks/ Yy/wai/ Zz/zed/ 或 / zi:/,X,
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