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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词缀法练习,like,cover,comparable,direct,movable,proper,appear,color,understand,guide,use,write,view,un,like,uncover,in,comparable,indirect,im,movable,improper,dis,appear,discolor,mis,understand,misguide,misuse,re,write,review,词缀法练习,describe,create,pronounce,compete,examine,meaning,nation,part,change,descrip,tion,creat,ion,pronunc,iation,compet,ition,examin,ation,meaning,ful/less,nation,al,part,ial,change,able,后缀为,-ion,的名词,规 则,例 词,几乎所有以,-ate,结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉,e,再加,-ion.,educate/education, liberate/liberation, translate/translation,graduate/graduation, separate/separation, operate/operation,多数以,-t,结尾的动词直接在词尾加,-ion,少数以,-te,结尾的动词首先去掉,e,再加,-ion.,act/action, invent/invention, inspect/inspection, elect/election, select/selection, connect/connection, collect/collection,instruct/instruction, devote/devotion, pollute/pollution,多数以,-ss,结尾的动词直接加,-ion.,discuss/discussion, oppress/oppression, express/expression,confess/confession, possess/possession,多数以,-de,结尾与少数以,-d,结尾的动词先把,-de,或,-d,变成,-s,再加,-ion.,decide/decision, divide/division, provide/provision, invade/ invasion, expand/expansion, extend/extension,以,-mit,结尾的动词,先把,t,变成,-ss,再加,-ion.,admit/admission, commit/commission, permit/permission,transmit/transmission,多数以,-fy,结尾的动词先把,y,改成,i,再加,-cation,少数以,-efy,或,-fy,结尾的动词先去掉,y,再加,-action.,Electrify/electrification, satisfy/satisfaction, modify/ modification,Amplify/amplification,有些动词不是加,-ion,而是加,-ition, -tion, -ation,或,-sion,而变成名词,其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。,add/addition, attend/attention, absorb/absorption, describe/ description, produce/production, reduce/reduction, solve/ solution, determine/determination, explain/explanation, found/ foundation, observe/observation, transport/transportation,复合法练习,on,home,post,key,living,no,text,inter,some,down,under,well,friend,out,in,card,room,body,line,board,stairs,land,net,stand,book,known,thing,ship,door,side,online,homework,postcard,keyboard,living-room,nothing/ nobody,textbook,internet,somebody/ something,downstairs,understand,well-known,friendship,outdoor,inside,选择适当的词用正确形式填空,.(,转化词,),Could you _me the position of the station on the map ?,A lot of ancient things are on _in the museum.,Flowers should be _every day.,Its important for our human beings to save _.,_in the countryside is very comfortable.,The old man often have a _after supper.,She studies _than any other students in her class.,The problem was too _ for us to work it out.,What is the _news today ?She came to school _ this morning.,Her parents were on a _to Xinjiang.,The Great Wall is _by millions of people every year.,There was a big smile on the teachers _.,The little girl was crying because she was _a tiger.,We _in on one of our friends last Saturday.,A _of ink fell onto his clothes.,water, drop, hard, show, face, walk, visit, late,show,show,watered,water,Walking,walk,harder,hard,latest,late,visit,visited,face,facing,dropped,drop,第三单元 其他构词方法,给出下列缩略词的汉语意思,.,ID,PLA,CPC,WBA,IFA,FBI,RMB,HKSAR,WHO,IASA,UFO,CEO,CIA,VOA,身份证,中国人民解放军,中国共产党,女子篮球协会,国际足联,联邦调查局,人民币,香港特别行政区,世界卫生组织,美国航空航天局,不明飞行物,首席执行官,中情局,美国之音,IAEA,DIY,BBC,DJ,EEC,GDP,SOHO,IMF,IQ,EQ,OPEC,V,ASAP,DINK,国际原子能机构,自己动手,英国国际广播,迪斯科,欧共体,国民生产总值,小型,家庭办公,国际货币组织,智商,情商,石油输出国组织,胜利,尽可能快地,丁克,缩略法,Abbreviation/Shortening,缩,略,法,就是把词的音节省略或简化而产生新词的构词方法。这种构词法产生的新词结构简单,释义清楚,使用方便,已成为现代英语重要的构词方法之,一。,英语中缩略词形式繁,多,,(,方式,),主,要有四种类型:截短词,首字母缩略词,首字母拼音词和拼缀词。,I.,截短词,截短词是通过截除原词的某一(或某些)音节或“截头去尾”的方法产生新词的构词方法。有鲜明的文体色彩,只适用于口语或非正式场合。,1.,截除词尾(,apocope,):截除词尾,保留词首代表原词,e.g auto,auto,mobile,汽车,dorm,dorm,itory,宿舍,exam,exam,ination,考试,(有?),2.,截除词首(,aphaeresis,):截除词首,保留词尾代表原词,e.g burgerham,burger,汉堡包,copterheli,copter,直升飞机,phonetele,phone,电话,3.,截除首尾(,front and back,cilpping,),综合,e.g fluin,flu,enza,流行性感冒,fridgere,frige,rator,冰箱,有个别词保留不在首尾的重读音节,如,Asst,ass,is,t,ant dept,dep,ar,t,ment,4.,截除词腰(,syncope,):有些词音节多,其中包含读音相仿的音节,就可以截除一个音节,不常见。,e.g pacifistpacifi,ci,st,和平主义者,symbologysymbolo,lo,gy,象征学,缩约形式(,contractions,)也算这一类。如,:,cantcannot,(,符号),govtgovernment,。另外,词组与一些短句也可以截短,如:,Weeklyweekly paper,周报,,finalsfinal examination,。,DIYdo it youself. IOU I own u,,,etc,II.,首,字母缩,略法,首字母缩略法是将,社团名称,特殊名词或专业术语,的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利用一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词,就叫做首字母缩略词。,如,,BC,B,efore,(,the birth of,),C,hrist,公元前,CEO,C,hief,E,xecutive,O,fficer,执行总裁,从结构来看,首字母缩略词可以用字母来代表整个词。,如,,BBC,B,ritish,B,roadcasting,C,orporation,英国广播公司,ATM,A,utomatic,T,eller,M,achine,自动取款机,1.,在计算机和网络词汇中的应用,如,,CPU,C,entral,P,rocessing,U,nit,计算机中央处理器,AI,A,rtificial,I,ntelligence,人工智能,ASAP,A,s,S,oon,A,s,P,ossible,尽快,BTW,B,y,T,he,W,ay,顺便说一下,.etc,2.,在通讯工具中的应用,如,,GPS,G,lobal,P,ositioning,S,ystem,全球定位系统,GPRS,G,eneral,P,acket,R,adio,S,ervice,通用无线分组,业务,(,?),由于现代科学技术的迅猛发展,首字母缩略法在各个领域都相当活跃。,3.,在外贸英语中的应用,如,,B/L,B,ill of,L,ading,提单,EMS,E,xpress,M,ail,S,pecial,邮政特快专递,L/C CFR CIF D/P D/A,4.,科学技术有关的方方面面是首字母缩略词应用,最广泛,的领域。,如,,CTcomputerized tomography,计算机,X,线断层照相术,DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid,脱氧核糖核酸,HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus,艾滋病毒,.etc,在专有名词,日常生活,外来语,甚至名人姓名都有用到首字母缩略,法。,(,课本,),CEO = Chief Executive Officer,首席执行官,VC =Venture Capital,风险投资,PDA = Personal Data Assistant,个人数学助理,PIA = Personal Information Assistant,个人信息助理,CC = Call Center,呼叫中心,CCC = Customer Care Center,客户服务中心,CRM = Customer Relationship Management,客户关系管理中心,IMF= International Monetary Fund,国际货币基金组织,FPA= Free from Particular Average,平安险,FT = Freight Ton,运费吨,LCL = Less than Container Load,拼箱货,VAT = Value Added Tax,增值税,III.,首字母拼音词,(,不同),把用首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词,,就是首字母拼音词。,首字母拼音词是一种新的构词方法。近年来,首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象,人们有意或无意地把首字母拼音词拼写成,现存,的词相同的样子,并借用其读音,SALT,国际机构和组织名称都有首字母拼音词:,Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),亚太经济合作组织,Association of Southeast Asian Nations,(,ASEAN,)东南亚国家联盟,North Atlantic Treaty Organization,(,NATO,)北大西洋公约组织,科技术语也有首字母拼音词:,激光,laser,的最初的中文名叫做“镭射”、,“莱塞”,是它的英文名称,LASER,的音译,是取自英文,Light Amplification by,Stimulated Emission of Radiation,的,各单词头一个字母组成的缩写词。意思,是“通过受激发射光扩大”。,ROM, read-only memory /,只读内存,还有词的尾部反复出现,初看起来竟然像个后缀:例如,Radar,:,radio detecting and ranging,(雷达,无线电探测器),Sonar,:,sound navigation and ranging(,声呐,声音导航与测 距,),的缩写,Secar,:secondary radar,次雷达,IV.,拼缀词,对原有的两个词进行剪裁,取其的首部或尾部,拼成一个新词,(不同),1.,取第一个词的首部加第二个词的尾部,:,companding,( compressing + expanding ),压缩 扩张,advertistics,(,advertising+statistics,),广告统计学,motel ( motor+ hotel ),汽车游客旅馆,2.,第一个词的原形加第二个词的尾部,:,workfare (,work+welfare,),工作福利,dollarization ( dollar + popularization ),美元化、以美元代替本国货币,Lunarnaut,(lunar + astronaut ),登月宇航员,3.,第一个词的首部加第二个词的原形:,medicaid,( medical + aid ),美国的医疗补助方案,psychotherapy,( psychological + therapy ),心理疗法,biochemistry ( biological + chemistry ),生物化学,4.,第一个词的首部加第二个词的首部:,psywar,( psychological + warfare ),心理战,comsat,( communications + satellite),通讯卫星,逆生法,定义:,把一个现存词的后缀或类似后缀的部分截去而形成与原词词类不同的一类词。,Option,逆生法只改变词性,,不改变词的基本含义!,先决条件:,原词中假定的后缀必须是英语词汇中被广泛使用的派生性词缀。,名词性后缀,1)删除,原,单数名词,中类似派生性后缀的,假定后缀,,,逆生出,动词,。,假定后缀:,-or、-er、-ar、-tion、-sion、-ance、-ence 等,例:sculptor(雕刻家) to sculpt(雕刻),loafer(游手好闲的人) to loaf(游荡),helicopter(直升机) to helicopt(用直升机运送),destruction,(破坏),to destruct,(破坏),名词性后缀,2)删除,原复合名词,中类似派生性后缀的,假定后缀,,,逆生出,复合动词,。,假定后缀:,-er、-tion、-sion、-ship、-ist 等,例:proofreader(校对人) to proofread(校对),ghostwriter(受雇代为写作者) to ghostwrite(受雇代为写作),daydreamer(空想家) to daydream(空想),typewriter(打字机) to typewrite(打字),形容词性后缀,1)删除原形容词中,类似派生性后缀,的,假定后缀,,,逆生出,动词,。,假定后缀:,-ish、-some、-ous、-y 等,例:gloomy(忧闷的) to gloom(使忧闷,使阴暗),cozy(舒适的) to coze(使舒适),greedy(贪婪的) to greed(贪婪),gruesome(可怕的) to grue(因害怕或寒冷而发抖),形容词性后缀,2)删除原形容词中,类似过去分词,结尾的假定后缀,,逆生出,动词,。,过去动词: -ed、-en,例:giftwrapped(作礼品包装的) to giftwrap(礼品包装),henpecked(惧内的) to henpeck(怕老婆),spoonfed(填鸭式的) to spoonfeed(填鸭式灌输),panic-stricken(惊慌失措的) to panic-strike(使惊慌失措),形容词性后缀,3)删除,原名词、复合名词、形容词和副词,中类似,现代分词,结尾的假定后缀,逆生出,动词或复合动词,。,现代分词:,-ing,例:suckling(乳儿) to suckle(给喂奶),air-conditioning(空气调节) to air-condition(调节空气),groveling(匍匐的) to grovel(匍匐),sidling(从侧面) to sidle(侧面而行),人名、地名、商标名称,都可以通过逆生法,产生新词,例:加拿大医生 Frederick Banting,to bant(减肥),banting(节食减肥疗法),南非地名 Mafeking to maffick(狂欢庆祝),商标 Deep Freezer(深度冷冻机) to deep-freeze(速冻),逆生法也有例外:,butler(男管家) to butle,拟声法,onomatopoeia,模拟事物的声音而造词的方法叫做拟声法,(,onomatopoeia,),拟声词已经成为英语词汇中独具特色的一部分,大量应用于口语和书面语的表达中,给人以如闻其声,如临其境之感,从而大大,增强了语言的表达效,果。,例如:,Kodak(,柯达胶卷,),让人想起按动照相机快门的“咔嚓,”声,1.,基本拟声词,基,本拟声词也称初级拟声词,或简单拟声词,是指音与义的相似,能引起音与形之间的联想或联系。,它,往往是机械地模仿人、动物及自然界中无,生命 物,体的声音。,a.,模拟人的声音,Chuckle,(咯咯的笑),,heehaw (,傻笑,),,,moan(,呻吟声,),b.,模仿动物的声音,Mew(,小猫喵喵叫,) hiss(,蛇发出的咝咝声,) croak(,青蛙呱呱叫,),c.,模仿自然界的声音,Bump,!,Bump!(,重炮轰隆声,),bang(,门嘭的一声关紧),bubble(,水冒泡的声音,),2.次要拟声词,次要拟声词是指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想的词。,这类词从词源上来说是没有拟声依据的,它们之所以被认为有拟声作用,是因为其某些字母的发音能象征某种概念或意境,丰富人们的想象。,A.一些以sl-开始的词有滑,黏的意思:如,slide(滑行),slimy(黏滑的),slick(滑溜的),一些以qu-开始的词有“摇动,颤动”的意思,如:quake(震动),quaver(声音等颤抖),B.重叠拟声词,Tick-tick, tom-tom, chirp-chirp,Dingdong, drip-drop,C.修辞作用,例如,三个女人的笑声,中年女人:ho-ho-ho,醉女人:hee-hee-hee,老太婆:heu-heu-heu,由此,恰当运用拟声词,可以起到沟通读者听觉与视觉的作用,以此感染读者,增加作品的“韵味”和“美感”。,
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