英美文学鉴赏

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,英美文学复习材料,1.Jeffery Chaucer(1340-1400),Father/founder of English Poetry,was buried in “,poets corner,” in Westminster Abbey,Major works:,The Romaunt of the Rose ,玫瑰传奇,The Parliament of Fowls,百鸟议会,Troilus and Criseyde,特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德,The Legend of Good Women,好女人传,The Canterbury Tales ,坎特伯雷故事集,The Canterbury Tales,The story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.,A rich, tapestry,(,织锦,),of medieval social life,combining elements of all classes, from nobles to workers, from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.,The Canterbury Tales,1. london dialect,伦敦方言,2. heroic couplet,英雄双韵体,3.iambic pentameter,五音步抑扬格,4. order of words,语序,5. humor, satire and irony,幽默与讽刺艺术,The General Prologue,（总序）,The General Prologue,consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to Canterbury,The setting(P3-4),The Prioress,女修道院副院长,(P4-5),irony,反讽,secular,世俗的,hypocritical,虚伪的,2.William Shakespeare,(1564-1616),Renaissance,Meaning:rebirth or revival,Time: began in the 14th century, end in the 17th century.,Place: began in Italy, later spread to France, Spain and England.,A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture; the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.,Essence: humanism,William Shakespeare,Works,37 plays,2 long narrative poems,154 sonnets,William Shakespeare,Drama:,Tragedies,-,Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet,Comedies,-,As You Like It,The Merchants of,Venice, Much Ado About Nothing,A Midsummer Nights Dream,，,The Taming of the Shrew,Twelfth Night,Histories,-,Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, Richard III,Romances/tragicomedie,s,:Cymbeline, The Tempest,Hamlet,Characters: Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Polonius, Laertes,Plot(P10-11),Theme,Act III, Scene I,“To be or not to be”(P11-12),Soliloquy(,内心独白,),（,P16,）,William Shakespeare :Sonnet,A sonnet is a,lyric,invariably of,fourteen lines, usually in,iambic pentameter,五音步抑扬格, restricted to a,definite rhyme scheme,韵律,.,Three types of sonnet,1) Petrarchan sonnet (,彼特拉克体,/,意大利十四行诗,),2) Spenserian Sonnet,（斯宾塞体十四行诗）,3) Shakespearian Sonnet,（莎士比亚,/,英国体十四行诗,Shakespearian Sonnet,3 quatrains + a couplet,abab cdcd efef gg,Sonnet 18(P14),“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?”,Theme: A nice summer day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus Shakespeare expresses,his faith in the permanence of poetry, of art and love.,Figures of speech,: simile, metaphor, personification,Artistic achievements,Characterization:,Shakespeares major characters are individuals representing certain types.,Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner world.,Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs,Contrasts,plot construction,:,Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot; instead, he borrows them.,There are usually several clues running through the play, thus providing the story with the suspense and apprehension.,Language:,different poetic forms, such as the sonnet, the blank verse and the rhymed couplet.,rich in vocabulary and idiom.,3.John Milton(1608-1674),English poet in 17th century,Both his life and his works are closely related to politics,He became completely blind in 1652,Major works:,Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained,Samson Agonistes,Paradise Lost,epic,史诗,blank verse,无韵诗,Plot,(P21-22),Satans Adjuration (P22-23),The image of Satan/God,Sonnet,On His Deceased Wife(P24),To his second wife Katherine Woodcock,abba abba cdcdcd,4.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731),One of the pioneers of the,realistic novel,in 18th century,Masterpiece:,Robinson Crusoe,(1719),Robinson Crusoe,Forerunner of the English,realistic,novel,Based on a real story(P30),plot (P30-31),Image of Robinson Crusoe: typical of the English,bourgeoisie,(,资产阶级,) of the 18th century,：,hard-working, iron-willed, persistent, self-reliant,theme,:the molding of character through the influence of varied environment; glorifying the human labor; a typical character of English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development; colonization in germ.(P31),Excerpt:P31-34,Romanticism,Begins with,the publication of,Lyrical Ballads,(1798) and,ends with,the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).,Pre-romantic poets,: William Blake, Robet Burns,Active romantic poets,: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats,Passive romantic poets/Lake Poets,: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.,5.William Wordsworth,Poet Laureate,桂冠诗人,Collaborate with Coleridge on,Lyrical Ballads:,a declaration of romanticism,Define Poetry as “,the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility,”.,A worshipper of nature,I Wandered Lonely as Cloud,Structure:,four six-line stanzas,;,iambic tetrameter;,rhyme scheme:,ababcc,;,theme: the,harmony,between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/,Nature s beauty uplifts the human spirit.,Figures of speech,:,simile,metaphor, personification,6.Jane Austen,(1775-1817),The first important English woman novelist,Writing style,:,Theme: mostly about love and marriage,Language: simple, humourous, witty, ironic,Plot: straightforward, little action,Characters: like real living persons,Dialogues: true to life,Jane Austen,(1775-1817),She called her work “,a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square,” (“,两寸牙雕”,):,A very narrow literary field,But within her own field, she is unrivaled: vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rual England of her time,Jane Austen,Major works,:,Northanger Abbey,诺桑觉寺,(1818),Sense and Sensibility,理智与情感,(,1811),Pride and Prejudice,傲慢与偏见,(,1813,),Mansfield,Park,曼斯菲尔德庄园,(1814,),Emma,艾玛, (,1816),Persuasion,劝导,(,1818),Pride and Prejudice,“,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possesion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”,Main characters/plot/theme,Dialogues,Character analysis: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy; Jane and Mr. Bingley,Pride/prejudice,7.Washington Ivring,(1783-1859),Father of American literature,.,the father of American short stories.,the first American writer to gain international game.,His writing,marks the beginning of Romanticism,in American literature,Washington Ivring,Major works,A History of New York,纽约外史,The Sketch Book,见闻札记,including:,“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”,睡谷的传说,“Rip Van Winkle”,瑞普,凡,温克尔,Rip Van Winkle,The story of,Rip Van Winkle,begins about five or six years,before the American Revolution,and ends twenty years later.,The action takes place in a village in,British colonial New York, near,the Hudson River,and the Catskill Mountains.,The character of Rip Van Winkle,: A simple, good-natured man; An obedient, henpecked(,惧内的,) husband; A great favorite among neighbors and children;who loathes,（厌恶）,profitable labor.,Language: humorous,Theme: the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past,8.Brontee sisters,Charlotte Brontee:,Jane Eyre,Emily Brontee:,Wuthering Heights,Anne Brontee:,Agnes Grey,The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall,Jane Eyre,The first important governess novel,in the English literary history,Plot,: five stages,Childhood at Gateshead,Education at the Lowood School,As a governess at Thornfield,With the Rivers family at Moor House,Her reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean,Jane Eyre,Do you think,I,can stay to become nothing to you?,Do you think,I,am an automaton?-a machine without feelings? and can bear to have,my,morsel of bread snatched from,my,lips, and,my,drop of living water dashed from,my,cup?,Do you think, because,I,am poor, obscure, plain, and little,I,am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!,I,have as much soul as you-and full as much heart! And if God had gifted,me,with some beauty and much wealth,I,should have made it as hard for you to leave,me, as it is now for,me,to leave you.,I,am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh: it is,my,sprit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and,we,stood at Gods feet, equal-as,we,are! ,Jane Eyre,A ground-breaking(,开拓性的,) novel:,The heroine is small, plain, & poor,The heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions,（信念）,3. It is the first governess novel in the history of English literature.,4. It is a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle- class women.,Wuthering Heights,Characters:Wuthering Heights vs Thrushcross Grange,plot,theme:love, class, revenge,Excerpt:chapter 9(P91-96),Mr. Linton,Mr. Earnshaw,Isabella,Edgar,Catherine,Heathcliff,Hindley,Little Catherine,(Cathy),Little Linton,Hareton,9.Emily Dickinson (1830-1886),An eventless life,Remain single all her life,1,800 poems altogether, but only 7 were published while she was alive,Themes: death and immortality;nature; love; truth, beauty,etc.,Emily Dickinson,Poems:,Because I could not stop for death(P116-117,),Structure:,six 4-line stanzas,Theme:,death leads to immortality,Form:,unconventional dash; capital letter,Figures of speech:,metaphor; personification,I Died for beauty-but was scarce(P118),Theme:,beauty and truth are ultimately one,Im Nobody!(P119),Somebody/nobody/frog/bog,Style,A:,Her poems,have no titles, hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem.,B: particular stress pattern:,dash,“, ”,C:,Capital letters,as a means of emphasis;,D: Language: brief, direct, and plain;,E: Poem: short, always on,original,images or symbols,F:,Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense,metaphors,and by extensive use of,ellipsis,.,10.Mark Twain,(1835-1910),Related literary terms:,Local colorism,(,乡土文学,):as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s, it is defined as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native. In literature, regionalism or local color referts to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific featureincluding characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscapeof a particular region.,Mark Twain employed an unpretentious style of,colloquialism,in his novels which is best described as,“vernacular,”.,Mark Twain,The Gilded Age(,镀金时代,),: the term was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of Americas upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century.,Mark Twain,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn,The Prince and the Pauper,The Cop and the Anthem,Running for Governor,The,1,000,000 Bank-Note,The Innocents Abroad,The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,The Gilded Age,Life on the Mississippi,Mark Twain,The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn,Plot,Theme,Main characters,Writing style:,humor;local colorism;vernacular,Excerpt(P124-129):,How Huck escapes from his father,11.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961),In 1954, he was awarded,the Noble Prize,for literature.,Deeply depressed and tormented by failing artistic and physical power, he committed suicide on July2, 1961.,He is the,spokesman for the Lost Generation,.,Major works,The Sun Also Rises,(1926) ,太阳照常升起,A Farewell to Arms,(1929),永别了，武器,For Whom the Bell Tolls,(1940),丧钟为谁而鸣,The Old Man and the Sea,(1952),老人与海,（,Pulizer Prize, Nobel Prize,）,Ernest Hemingway,Hemingways hero is usually isolated, and fights a good fight. There is a particular term for his character,“the code hero/man”(,硬汉形象,),。（,P166,）,He thinks a writer should write little, so that readers can understand much more. This is calles,Iceberg Principle(,冰山原则,),.,（,P166,）,The Old Man and the Sea,“,Life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity,；,man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.”,人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗，化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭，但精神永不败。,At the end of the story, is the old man defeated? Why or why not?,12.Toni Morrison(1931-),A famous,African American woman,writer,Won the,Nobel Prize,in literature in 1993,Her novels mainly deal with the problems of,black women defining their roles and striving to survive in a male dominated society,.,Toni Morrison,Major works:,The Bluest Eye(1970),Song of Solomon(1977),Tar Baby(1981),Beloved,(1987),Jazz(1992),Figures of speech,Simile,明喻,Metaphor,暗喻,Personification,拟人,Hyperbole,夸张,Repetition,重复,Parallelism,排比,Allusion,典故,Terms of poetry,1.,stanza,诗节,2.,meter,格律,3. foot,音步,4.,pentameter,五音步,5. iamb,抑扬格,6,. iambic pentameter,抑扬格五音步,7. rhyme,韵,8. Rhyme Scheme,韵律,Meter,Refers to the arranged pattern composed by,stressed syllable,and,unstressed syllable,. One unit, or combination of a stressed and unstressed syllable is called a,foot,(,音步,).,Types of stress,pattern,example,Iambic,抑扬格,decide,Trochee,扬抑格,comfor,anapest,抑抑扬格,represent,Dactyl,扬抑抑格,volleyball,Spondee,扬扬格,greenhouse,Kinds of,Meter,(1),mono,meter (one foot ) (2),dia,meter(two feet),(3),tri,meter (three feet) (4),tetra,meter,（,four feet),(5),penta,meter(five feet) (6),hexa,meter(six feet),(7),hepta,meter(seven feet) (8),octa,meter(8 feet),iambic pentameter,(,五音步抑扬格,),iambic tetrameter (,四音步抑扬格,),Kinds of Stanza,(1),couplet,(,两行押韵的诗体,),(2),tercet,(,三行押韵的诗体,),(,terza,rima,:,隔行押韵的三行诗体,如,:Ode to the West Wind),(3),quatrain,(,四个诗行组成的诗体,),(4)ottava,rima,(,八行诗体,),(5)Spenserian stanza(,九行诗体,),(6),sonnet,(,十四行诗,)(,又叫商籁体,),Heroic couplet,英雄双韵体,Two,successive,rhyming lines,of,iambic pentamenter,.,It was common practice to string long sequences of heroic couplets together in a patten of aa,bb,cc,dd, ee,ff, and so on.,E.g. As soon as April pierces to the,root,a,The drought of March, and bathes each bud and,shoot,a,Through every vein of sap with gentle,showers,b,From whose engendering liquor spring the,flowers,; b,When zephyrs have breathed softly all,about c,Inspiring every wood and field to,sprout c,Rhyme scheme,Definition: pattern or sequence in which rhyme occurs,E.g.,Bid me to weep, and I will,w,eep,A,While I have eyes to,s,ee,;,B,And having none, and yet I will,k,eep,A,A heart to weep for,th,ee,.,B,Alliteration,头韵,Alliteration is the repetition of the same,consonant sound,in several words close together in a sentence or in a line.,Writing Essays About Literature,头韵是指一组词，一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。,E.g.,safe and sound pride and prejudice,