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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语词汇学,Chapter 2The development of the English Vocabulary,英语词汇的发展,2.1 The Indo-European language family,印欧语系,1 - It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.,据估计，世界上约有,3 000,多种（有人认为,5 000,种 ）语言，这些语言可以根据他们的基本词汇和语法的相似性大致划分为,300,个谱系。,2 -,The Indo-European,is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.,印欧语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。,3 - They accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an,Eastern set,: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian , Armenian and Albanian ; a,Western set,: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.,这些语族相应地分为,8,大语族，这,8,大语族又可分为东部诸语族。东部诸语族有波罗的海,-,斯拉夫语族，印 度,-,伊朗语族，亚美尼亚,-,阿尔巴尼亚语族,;,西部诸语族有凯尔特语族，意大利语族，希腊语族，日耳曼语族。,4 - In the Eastern set, Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian.,在东部诸语族中，亚美尼亚,-,阿尔巴尼亚语族都只留下今天的亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语。波罗的海,-,斯拉夫语族包括普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语和俄语等。,5 - In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.,印度,-,伊朗语族语族波斯语，孟加拉国语，印地语，吉普赛语，后,3,门语言来源于已经消亡的古梵语。,6 - In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.,在西部诸语族中，现代希腊语来源于古希腊语族。,7 - The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.,日耳曼语族包括,4,门北欧语言：挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这,4,门语言统称为斯堪的纳维亚 语。其次是德语，荷兰语，佛兰芒语和英语。,2.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary,英语词汇历史概述,2.2.1 Old English (450-1150),古英语,Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like,moderm,German.,盎格鲁,-,撒克逊语被称为古英语。古英语约有,50000,至,60000,词汇。而且也和现代德语一样是一门典型的屈折语。,2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -,中古英语,Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic.,虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还是日耳曼语。,Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.,从,1250,年到,1500,年的,250,年间，大约有,9000,个法语词汇进入到英语中，其中,75%,仍在使用。,If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings.,如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英语的词尾已去了一半,2.2.3 Modern English (1500-up to now),现代英语,Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.,现代英语开始于印刷术传入英国。,Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern English,现在英语分为早期现代英语（,1500,至,1700,年）和晚期现代英语（,1700 -,至今）,In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the,Renaissance.,在早期现代英语阶段，欧洲掀起了学习希腊和罗马的古典著作的运动。这场运动史称文艺复兴。,Latin and Greek,were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great literary heritage and of great scholarship.,当时拉丁语和希腊语被认为是西方世界灿烂文学遗产的语言，是学术语言,In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages.,事实上，现代英语词汇中有,25%,以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的（,WBD,）。,In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a,synthetic language,(Old English) to the present,analytic language,.,在现代英语中，除了少数几个词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以这样说，英语已从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言 。,2.3 Growth of Present-day,Enlish,Vocabulary,现代英语词汇量的增长,Three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology 45, ）,social, economic and political changes 11, ）,the influence,（,;,（,; of other cultures and languages,（,24, ）,.,新词的产生有,3,大来源：现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（,45, ）,;,社会，经济和政治的变化（,11, ）,;,其它文化和语言的影响（,24, ）。,2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development,词汇发展的模式,Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.,现代英语词汇的发展主要通过三个渠道：创词、旧词新义和借词。,Creation,refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.,创词是指通过使用现有的材料，即词根，词缀和其它形式创造新词。在现代时期，这是词汇扩展的最重要的形式。,Semantic change,means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary.,旧词新义是指赋予旧词新的含义以满足新的需要。这一方式不增加词得数量，但却创造了词的许多新用法，以丰富词汇。,Borrowing,has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new words.,借词在词汇的发展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。借词在所有新词中，借词只占,6%-7%,。,In earlier stages of English, French, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors.,英语在早期阶段主要是向法语、拉丁语、希腊语和斯堪的纳维亚语借词。,Reviving archaic or obsolete words,(,复活古词和废弃词,) also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.,复活古词和废弃词对整个英语词汇来说虽然影响不大，但却是一种发展方式。,
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