第二部分第二讲

栏目导引,第二部分 语法专项突破,语法精讲考点整合,语法专练知能闯关,第二部分 语法专项突破,第二讲代词和介词,一、代词的分类,主格,I,you,he,she,it,we,you,，,they,作主语或表语,He is one of my best friends.,宾格,me,，,you,，,him,，,her,，,it,，,us,，,you,，,them,作宾语：在省略句中单独使用或在,not,后，多用宾格,I like English.,Me too.,Have more,wine?,Not me.,形容词性,m,your,his,her,its,our,their,作定语,I dont know why your book is on my desk.,名词性,mine,，,yours,，,his,，,hers,，,its,，,ours,，,theirs,作主语、表语或宾语,May I use your pen,？,Yours works better.,The life I have is yours.,myself,，,yourself,，,himself,，,herself,，,itself,，,ourselves,，,yourselves,，,themselves,作宾语、表语或同位语,Make yourself at home.,Im not quite myself today.,I think I myself can do it.,this,，,that,，,those,，,these,，,such,，,some,作主语、表语、宾语或定语,This is a novel and that is a magazine.,In those days they could not go to school.,常见的带反身代词的一些固定搭配：,by oneself,独自地；,for oneself,亲自；,enjoy oneself,玩得开心，过得愉快,Behave yourself,！规矩点！,devote oneself to,专心于；献身于；,apply oneself to,专心致志于；,adapt oneself to,适应于；,help oneself to,擅自取用,1,(2013,高考浙江卷,)Half of _ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.,A,these,B,some,C,ones,D,those,解析：句意：在,16,个国家的那些被调查者中，有一半的人说他们把深切的祝福和最大的担忧首先分享给最亲密的朋友。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词指代那些被调查者。,these,用于近指；,some,某个，某些；,ones,可表指代，但是为泛指，而此处为特指；,those,用于远指，相当于,the ones,，所以正确答案为,D,项。,D,2,(2011,高考安徽卷,)Surprisingly,，,Susans beautiful hair reached below her knees and made _ almost an overcoat for her.,A,them B,her,C,itself D,herself,解析：句意：令人惊讶的是，苏珊美丽的长发一直垂到她的膝盖之下，使它看起来像是她的一件大衣。,them,“,他,/,她,/,它们,”,；,her,“,她,”,；,itself,“,它自己,”,；,herself,“,她自己,”,。因为主语是,Susans beautiful hair,，所以,made,后的反身代词是指,“,头发本身,”,，故选,itself,。,C,二、不定代词的用法,1,something,，,anything,，,nothing,的区别,(1),一般用于肯定句，表示,“,某事，某物,”,；被认为是重要的或值得注意的事。,(2),也可用于疑问句，表示请求、邀请、征询意见等。,(1),表示,“,任何东西，任何事物,”,，一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句；,(2),也可用于肯定句，当,“,任何事情,”,讲；,(3)anything but,根本不。,表示,“,没有什么，没有一件东西,”,，常用于陈述句，表示否定意义。,There is something in his words.We should have a try.,他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。,(2014,中山三校高三联考,)What do you think of the lecture?,Anything but interesting but Ive managed to survive it.,你认为讲座怎么样？,一点意思都没有，但是我还是坚持着听完了。,2,none,，,nothing,，,no one/nobody,的用法比较,none,既指人也指物，后面可接,of,短语，一般用来回答,how many,，,how much,和,which,的提问。,nothing,只指事物，后面不能接,of,短语，用来回答,what,的提问。,no one,和,nobody,只指人不指物，其后不接,of,短语，一般回答,who,的提问。,(2014,东莞调研,)How much bread is there?,None.I wish you could offer me some.,还有多少面包？,一点没有了。我希望你能给我一些。,(2014,河南豫北三校高三下学期联合考试,)What have you been doing today?,Oh,，,nothing special,，,just hanging around.,今天你都干了什么？,哦，没有什么特别的，只是闲逛。,3,the other,，,other,，,another,，,others,的用法比较,the other,可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的,“,另一个,”,；也可修饰名词表示,“,另外的,”,。,other,不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义。,可单独使用,也可修饰名词,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的,“,另一个,”,代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外,another,后可接,“,基数词,/few,复数名词,”,形式,表示,“,另外的,(,多少,),”,。,单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为,“,其他的人或事物,”,，常与,some,一起出现；特指,“,其他的全部人或事物,”,时用,the others,。,Ill spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing.,我准备把我假日时间的一半用来练习英语，另一半时间学习绘画。,(2014,齐鲁名校联合测试,)The microblog has become another classroom for me,，,and the teachers are all big names in academia.,微博已成为我的第二课堂，这里的老师们都是学术界的大师级人物。,(2014,湛江调研,)You are a team star,！,Working with others is really your cup of tea.,你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。,4,it,，,that,，,one,的用法比较,I cant find my hat,，,I dont know where I put it.,(2014,济南模拟,)The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.,这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。,(2014,四川宜宾五校调研考试,)The scenery in the southern mountains is quite different from that of the city in the north.,南部山区的风景与北部城市的风景迥异。,特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物,that,用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于,the,单数,/,不可数名词,指代前面出现过的那类事物中的,“,一个,”,，其复数形式为,ones,。,(2014,茂名调研,)Weve been looking for a cheap house but havent found one yet.,我一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没有找到。,Mr.Zhang gave me a very valuable present,，,one(,a present) that I had never seen.,张先生给我一件非常有价值的礼物，一件我从来没有见过的礼物。,The book on the desk is better than the one(,the book)under the desk.,桌上的那本书比桌下的那本书好。,5.both,，,all,，,either,，,any,，,neither,，,none,的用法,both,either,neither,all,any,none,Would you like tea or coffee?,Neither,，,thanks.,你要喝茶还是咖啡？,都不要，谢谢。,(2014,河北高三教学质量监测,)As the two dictionaries are useful,，,Ill take both and either of them is very important to me.,由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。,1,(2013,高考安徽卷,)This project requires close teamwork.,_ will be achieved unless we work well together.,A,Nothing B,Anything,C,Something D,Everything,解析：句意：这个项目需要紧密合作。如果我们不精诚合作，就会一事无成。根据句意可知应使用表示否定意义的词语，故选,A,项。,A,2,(2013,高考大纲全国卷,) Its an eitheror situationwe can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do_.,A,others B,either,C,another D,both,解析：句意：这是一个二选一的情况,我们要么今年买一辆新车要么去度假，但是鱼和熊掌不可兼得。分析题意可知,这是在两者之间进行选择，所以排除,A,、,C,两项。,both,“,两者都,”,；,either,“,(,两者中的,),任何一个,”,。根据句意可知应选,D,项。此处,not.both,实际上是部分否定。,D,3,(2013,高考陕西卷,)Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years,，,she lost_of her enthusiasm for life.,A,some B,neither,C,none D,all,C,解析：句意：虽然罗斯玛丽遭受病痛这么多年，但她一点也没失去对生活的热情。从前面的,although,引导的让步状语从句表达的意思,“,虽然罗斯玛丽遭受了多年的病痛,”,可知后半句应表达出她丝毫没有失去对生活的热情，故可排除,A,项和,D,项；,B,项,neither,表示两者都不,不合语境；,C,项,none(,与,of,连用,),用于复数名词前时表示,“,(,三者或三者以上的人或物,),都不,”,用于不可数名词前时表示,“,都不，一点也不,”,，所以,she lost none of her enthusiasm for life,，也就是一点也没有失去对生活的热情，故,C,项正确。,4,(2013,高考重庆卷,)Recycling is one way to protect the environment,；,reusing is_.,A,another B,the other,C,one another D,one,解析,:,句意,:,循环利用是保护环境的一种方法；再使用是另一种方法。,another,表示,“,三者或三者以上中的另一个,”,;,the other,表示,“,两者中的另一个,”,;,one another,表示,“,彼此,互相,”,;,one,表示,“,一个,”,。由题意我们可以首先排除,C,、,D,两项。,“,循环利用,”,和,“,再使用,”,都是保护环境的方法，而且，方法还有很多，因此，此处表示三者或三者以上中的另一个，故用,another,。,A,5,(2013,高考山东卷,)Ive lived in New York and Chicago,，,but dont like _of them very much.,A,either B,any,C,each D,another,解析：句意：我在纽约和芝加哥住过，但这两个城市我都不是非常喜欢。根据前一个分句中,New York,和,Chicago,可知作者提到的是两个城市，空格处的内容也应该和,“,两个,”,有关,可选,A,。,any,和,another,都与三者或三者以上有关，,each,意为,“,每个,”,，指的是一个群体中的每个，与句意不符，故都可排除。,not.either,neither,，意为,“,两者都不,”,。故本题正确答案是,A,项。,A,三、指示代词的用法,1,this,，,these,，,that,，,those,的用法,this,与,these,往往指时间或空间较近的人或物；,that,与,those,指时间或空间较远的人或物。,Is there any way of solving these problems?,有什么解决这些问题的方法吗？,2,such,，,so,的用法,(1)such,指如前所述的这样的人或物。,Such is Cao Mao Sister,，,a diligent farmer with great passions in music.,这就是草帽姐,一个勤劳同时又对音乐有很大的热情的农民。,(2)so,作指示代词时，代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，一般用在,believe,，,think,，,expect,，,suppose,，,imagine,，,guess,，,hope,等后面，如,I think so./I dont think so.,Is he coming tonight?,I think so./I dont think so.,他今晚来吗？,我想是的。,/,我认为他不来。,1,(2013,高考辽宁卷,)To her joy,，,Della earned first the trust of her students and then _of her colleagues.,A,that B,one,C,ones D,those,解析：句意：让,Della,高兴的是，她首先赢得了学生们的信任,之后又赢得了同事们的信任。空格处需用代词代替,the trust,因为,trust,为不可数名词，故选,A,项。,one,指代单数可数名词，为泛指，其复数为,ones,。,that,可以指代上文出现的不可数名词或单数可数名词,表特指,其后常有修饰语,其复数为,those,。,A,2,(2013,高考四川卷,)The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_on the small ones.,A,one B,this,C,that D,it,解析：本题四个选项都为替代词，,one,指代上文中出现的单数可数名词，表泛指；,that,指代上文中出现的不可数名词或单数可数名词，表特指，其后有修饰语限制；,it,指代上文提到的同名同物。句意：主街上交通灯的绿灯指示时间比小街上的绿灯指示时间长。由句子结构和句意可知，空格处应用,that,替代上文中出现的不可数名词,traffic,。,C,3,(2013,高考天津卷,)At our factory there are a few machines similar to _ described in this magazine.,A,them B,these,C,those D,ones,解析：句意：在我们工厂，有一些机器和在这本杂志上描述的那些机器相似。,those,特指前面出现的复数可数名词,machines,。,ones,泛指前面提到的复数名词，若选,ones,，则应在,ones,前加,the,。,C,四、,it,的用法,He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.,Its no use complaining without taking action.,(2014,皖北协作区高三联考,)A lovely day,，,isnt it?,Yes.I love it when the weather is like this.Why not go out for a walk,？,When it comes to saving energy,，,big changes start with small steps,，,like turning off the lights.,(2012,高考大纲全国卷,),Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.,1,(2012,高考陕西卷,)No matter where he is, he makes _a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.,A,him B,this,C,that D,it,解析：本题考查,it,作形式宾语。句意：不管在哪里，他养成,了早餐前散步的习惯。,make it a rule to do sth.,养成做某事的习惯，该结构中,it,为形式宾语，动词不定式,to do sth.,为真正的宾语，此时,it,不能换用其他词。,D,2,(2011,高考江西卷,)Why dont you bring _ to his attention that youre too ill to work on?,A,that B,it,C,this D,him,解析：句意：你为什么不让他注意到这一点，你病得太厉害不能继续工作了？此处,it,作形式宾语，真正的宾语是,that,引导的从句。,B,一、表示空间关系的介词,离开，偏离,在,上,在,周围,在,上,在,里,在,正上方,在,上方,在,下面,在,下方,在,后面,横跨,(2012,高考辽宁卷,)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake.,Well,饭店坐落于湖尽头的大路附近一个非常安静的地方。,(2012,高考北京卷,)Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders?,你觉得这件衬衫在肩膀这个地方是不是太紧了？,二、表示时间的介词,在,时,(,强调时间点,),在,时,(,跟具体的某一天或某一天的,上,/,下午,),在,之后，在哪一月,/,年,自从,长达,直到,在,期间,(2014,云浮模拟,)On the morning of my mothers birthday,，,I usually help my mother do some housework.,在我母亲生日那天上午，我通常帮我母亲做些家务。,三、表示工具、手段、方式、原因、所属关系的介词,with,具体的某物；,by,动词,ing,/,工具；,in,语言,/,颜色,/,原料等；,for,由于,的原因；,of,在,范围内。,(2012,高考浙江卷,)Of all the animals Ive ever had,，,these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.,在我养过的所有动物中，这两只狗对口头语言最敏感。,四、,with,复合结构,with,复合结构常用来作状语，表示伴随、原因等，此外还可以作名词的定语。,He just sat there with his mouth open.,I suddenly saw a man with one of his eyes closed.,He fell asleep with the light still on.,With her mother away,，,the girl felt lonely.,With so many people watching,，,she felt at a loss.,In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.,With the work done,，,they went for a swim.,He stood for an instant with his hand raised.,I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.,The old man walked with a stick in his hand.,With nothing to do,，,he slept the whole afternoon.,With so much work to do,，,how can I expect some time of my own,？,1,(2013,高考新课标全国卷,)It was a real race_,time to get the project done.Luckily,，,we made it.,A,over B,by,C,for D,against,解析：考查介词的意义。句意：这真是一个需要争分夺秒才能完成的项目。幸运的是，我们圆满地完成了。四个选项中的介词只有,D,项的,against,与,time,构成,“,against time”,才意为,“,争分夺秒,”,其他介词用在此处都不符合句意,.故答案选,D,项,.,D,2,(2013,高考新课标全国卷,)A serious study of physics is impossible_some knowledge of mathematics.,A,against B,before,C,beyond D,without,解析：句意：没有一定的数学知识，认真研究物理是不可能的。,against,“,靠着；反对,”,；,before,“,在,之前,”,；,beyond,“,超出,”,；,without,“,没有,”,。四个选项中填入,without,最合适，故选,D,。,D,3,(2014,高考山东卷,)The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children.,A,from B,by,C,at D,for,解析,:,句意,:,史密斯夫妇因为养育孩子的方式而受到了赞扬。根据固定搭配,praise sb.for sth.,可知答案为,D,项。因句中的,“,are praised.”,学生很容易理解为,“,被,表扬,”,而误选,by,。,D,五、介词的固定短语,代替,除,之外,由于,碰巧,平均而言,/在平均水平以上/,在平均水平以下,吃惊地,/详细地/,简言之,/,及时,按时,/,故意地,正相反，相反地,(2012,高考浙江卷,)Brown said he was by no means annoyed,；,on the contrary,，,he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood.,布朗说他绝不生气,相反他很高兴能让别人清楚地了解他自己,.,1,(2013,高考浙江卷,)It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner._,，,Ill set the table.,A,As a result B,On the whole,C,In the meanwhile D,As a matter of fact,解析：句意：如果你到商店买来我们晚饭所需要的东西，这就算帮大忙了；在此期间，我将摆好餐桌。,as a result,结果,因此；,on the whole,从整体而言；,in the meanwhile,在此期间,与,此同时；,as a matter of fact,事实上。由题干意思可知正确答,案为,C,项。,C,2,(2013,高考福建卷,)Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess,，,as her children are always _ whenever she tries to.,A,in the way B,on watch,C,in sight D,on the line,解析：首先了解四个选项的汉语意思。,in the way,表示,“,挡,道，妨碍,”,；,on watch,表示,“,值班；监视,”,；,in sight,表示,“,看得见,”,；,on the line,表示,“,处于危险中,”,。由题干中的关键信息,hard,可知此处填,in the way,“,挡道，妨碍,”,。句意：史密斯太太发现她很难收拾这一片狼藉，因为每当她试图收拾时,她的孩子们总是妨碍她。,A,3,(2013,高考辽宁卷,)_everyone here,，,I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.,A,By means of B,On behalf of,C,In search of D,For fear of,解析：,by means of,意为,“,用；凭借,”,；,on behalf of,意为,“,代表,”,；,in search of,意为,“,寻找,”,；,for fear of,意为,“,担心,”,。根据后半句句意,“,我祝愿你回国的旅途愉快,”,可知答案，即,“,我代表这里的每个人,”,。,B,4,(2013,高考陕西卷,)The manager wants to see changes in the company,，,and I am sure he will_.,A,in particular B,in turn,C,in charge D,in time,解析：句意：经理希望看到公司的变化，我确信他迟早会看到的。,in particular,尤其；,in turn,轮流；,in charge,负责；而,in time,则有,“,及时；迟早,”,的意思。从前面的,I am sure,可知说话者确信经理迟早会看到公司的变化的,所以该题要用,in time,。,D,本部分内容讲解结束,按,ESC,键退出全屏播放,