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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,unit 5 life is difficult,New words,incessant,adj. 不停的，持续不断的；无尽无休,She is tired of his incessant demands for affection. 她厌倦了他对感情的不断索取。,Her incessant complaining is tiresome to everyone. 她没完没了的抱怨使每个人都厌烦。,transcend,vt. 超越，超出的限度；优于或胜过,Such matters transcend human understanding. 这些事情是人类所无法理解的。We cant transcend the limitations of the ego. 我们无法超越自我的局限性。,New words,affliction,n. 苦恼，痛苦；灾难；哀伤，忧伤,His deafness is a great affliction to him. 耳聋使他非常痛苦。,They have found comfort under calamity, and refuge and hope in affliction. 他们在不幸中找到了抚慰，在苦难中找到了庇护和希望。obliged,afflict vt. 使受痛苦；折磨；使苦恼,New medical technology will cure more ailments that afflict humanity. 新的医学技术可以治疗更多困扰人类的疾病。,Famine and war still afflict mankind. 饥饿和战争仍使人类遭受痛苦。,New words,confront,vt. 面对；使面对面，使对质；碰到，遇到；比较,The difficulties that confront us seem insuperable. 我们面临的困难似乎是不可抑制的。,I was confronted with a series of problems.,be confronted with,be faced with,equal,adj. 相等的，平等的；平稳的；势均力敌的；胜任的,vt. 等于；比得上；使相等；同样对待,n. 同样的人；相等的数量；能与之比较的东西；地位、实力等一样的人,Investors can borrow an amount equal to the propertys purchase price.,投资者可以获得与房产购置价格相等的借款额。,We will be justly demanding equal rights at work.,我们将要求享有工作中应得的平等权利。,The guards were equal to anything. 胜任的；能应付的,那些卫兵能够应对任何事情。,As a pastor, it can be argued he has no equal. 出类拔萃;无与伦比,作为牧师，他可以说是出类拔萃。,equality 等式,inequality,New words,conflict,n. 冲突；战斗；相互干扰；矛盾,Employees already are in conflict with management over job cuts.,雇员已经就裁员一事与管理层发生了争执。,vi. 抵触；争斗；战斗；冲突,He held firm opinions which usually conflicted with my own.,他所持的观点通常与我的相左，而且很难改变。,New words,engender,vt. 产生；造成；引起,导致，造成某种感觉、气氛、状况等Mr Bowles could engender delight in students and musicians alike.,鲍尔斯先生能够让学生和音乐家都感到快乐。,She will engender difficult questions and to keep the conversation at a low temperature. 她会提出各种深奥的问题，使谈话始终保持在低温状态。,The negative impact that robots engender might lead human beings to their doom. 机器人带来的害处是可能带来人类的灭顶之灾。 result in,New words,pose,vt.& vi. 使摆姿势；以身份出现；招摇；炫耀,vt. 提出；造成威胁、问题等；引起；产生,This could pose a threat to jobs in the coal industry.,这可能会给煤炭产业的就业造成威胁。,His ill health poses serious problems for the future.,他身体不好，对将来造成严重的隐患。,When I finally posed the question, Why? he merely shrugged.,当我最后问“为什么时，他只是耸了耸肩。,We have had several preliminary sittings in various poses.,我们进展了几次预拍摄，摆了各种不同的造型,He sat in a relaxed pose. 他轻松自如地坐着。,New words,distinguish,vi. 区分，区分，分清；区分是非,vt. 区分，区分，分清；区分出，识别；引人注目，有别于；使出色，使著名,At what age are children able to distinguish between right and wrong? 儿童到什么年龄才能明辨是非？,Some people find it difficult to distinguish right from wrong. 一些人认为很难辨对与错,His mind could no longer distinguish between illusion and reality. 他的头脑已不再能分清幻觉和现实。,New words,a series of,series,n. 系列，连续；串联；播送或电视上题材或角色一样的系列节目；级数,a series of explosions.,一连串的爆炸事件,The company has phased in a series of new production plans. 这家公司已采用了一系列新的生产方案。,She was offered the leading role in the new TV series. 她获得主演那部新的电视连续剧的时机。,New words,cutting edge,(某事物开展的)尖端，最前沿，领先阶段,working at the cutting edge of computer technology 在计算机技术的最前端工作,Where are the earlier practitioners of such cutting-edge science now? 从事尖端科学研究的早期开拓者如今在哪里？,New words,call forth,A difficult situation can call forth a persons best qualities. 困境能唤起一个人最好的品格。,How does spirit of ability call forth do a happy person? 怎样才能振作起精神做个快乐的人？,call for,They angrily called for Robinsons resignation.,他们愤怒地要求鲁宾逊辞职。,Your plan will call for a lot of money. 你的方案需要许多钱。,主谓一致,的概念：主语和其谓语动词在人称,和数上保持一致。,主谓一致分为,三种情况,：,语法一致,内容一致,就近一致,主谓“三一致,(1) 如果主语后面跟有with、together with,along with, but, except, like, in addition to,including, besides, as well as, as much as,rather than, more than 等短语再加一个,名词时，谓语动词仍与主语第一个词,保持一致。如：,A library,together with,5000 books,was,given to our school as a gift.,Mr. Johnson,as well as,his wife and children,is,visiting the Great Wall now.,All,but,Tom,have,gone to the cinema.,(2) 用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是,同一个人、同一事物或同意概念时，,谓语动词用单数，否那么用复数。如：,A teacher and writer,is,going to give us,a speech.,Bread and butter,is,usually my breakfast.,The professor and scientist,has,already,come.,A teacher and a writer,are,in the office.,(3) 不定式短语、动名词短语或,主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：,To learn English well,takes,effort.,Serving the people,is,my great,happiness.,When well go for an outing,has,not been,decided yet.,How he can speak so good English,interests,us all.,(4),用,and,连接的并列主语被,each,，,every,，,no,或,many a,修饰时，谓语动词用,单数,。,如：,Each boy and each girl,has,been given a gift.,No teacher and no student,is,in the classroom.,Every pen and every book,_,( lay ) on the desk already.,Many a boy and many a girl,is,interested in her lesson.,has been laid,(5),each of +,复数代词,，谓语动用,单数,。,复数代词,+ each,，谓语动词用,复数,。,如：,Each of us,has,something to say.,Each of them,has,been given a piece,of bread.,We each,have,a dictionary.,They each,have,done their work.,(6) none,作主语，修饰可数名词复数时，,谓语动词,可用单数也可用复数,，但修饰,不可数名词时，谓语动词,只能用单数,。,如：,None of us,are(is),perfect.,None of these books,are(is),mine.,None of his money,has,been found again.,None of this,worries,me.,(7),名词如,trousers, scissors, glasses, goods ,clothes,等作主语时，谓语动词必须用,复数,，,但当它们前面有,a pair of,或,one pair of,修饰,时，谓语动词只能用,单数,。,如：,My trousers,are,black.,His glasses,are,expensive.,A pair of trousers,lies,on my bed.,A pair of glasses,was,given to me as,a gift.,(8) 形复意单名词如：news; 以-ics结尾的学科,名词如：physics, mathematics, economics;,国名如：the United States; 报纸名如：,the New York Times; 书名如：Arabian,Nights?天方夜谭?；以及the United,Nations 等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。如：,Arabian Nights,is,full of interesting stories.,The New York Times,is,a popular reading,material for students.,Physics,is,my favourite subjects.,(9) “a/an + 名词 + and a half,“one and a half + 名词,“the number of + 名词 等作主语时，,谓语动词要用单数。如：,An apple and a half,is,on the table.,One and a half days,has,passed.,The number of the students in our,class,is,63.,(10) 百分数或分数+ of + 可数名词单数,或不可数名词谓语动词用单数；,百分数或分数+ of + 可数名词复数，,谓语动词用复数。 如：,Twenty percent of,land,has,been turned,into a playground.,Two thirds of the,apple,is,rotten.,Sixty percent of the,workers,in the,factory,are,women.,语法一致,Many a/an + n. + V(单数+ O.,表示复数的意思，译作 “很多。如：,Many a student is interested in English.,很多学生对英语感兴趣。,Many a teacher has resigned.,很多教师已经辞职了。,Many an apple has gone bad.,很多苹果已经坏了。,Many a mistake has been made by him.,他犯了很多错误。,语法一致,12 A (large) quantity of + N. + V + O. 动词的数由名词决定；,A (large) ammount of + N. (不可数名词+ V (单三+ O.,谓语动词用单数，但是，,Large quantities of + N. (pl.or uc+ V (复数+ O.,Large ammounts of + N. (不可数名词+ V (复数+ O.,谓语动词用复数。,A large quantity of sugar,has,been put in,the boiled water.,Large quantities of money,have,been,wasted on the project.,A larege ammount of time,has,been spent,on English.,Large ammounts of time,have,been saved,by the new invention.,“This kind of + 复数名词 作主语时，,谓语动词用单数；,“复数名词 + of this kind 作主语时，,谓语动词用复数。如：,This kind of apples,was,imported,from America.,Apples of this kind,were,imported,from America.,(14) “A/An + 单数名词 + or two 作主语时，,谓语动词用单数；,“One or two + 复数名词 作主语时，,谓语动词用复数。如：,A day or two,is,enough for this work.,One or two days,are,enough for,this work.,A man or two,is,to be sent there to,help them.,One or two men,are,to be sent there to,help them.,15“A set of + 复数名词 及,“A series of + 复数名词 作主语时，,谓语动词用单数。如：,A series of debates,was,scheduled,for the weekend.,The sales man told me that,a good,set of tires,was,guaranteed to run,at least fifty thousand miles.,(15) 在 “one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句 构造中，,定语从句中谓语动词的用复数；但如果one,前面有the only 修饰时，定于从句的谓语,动词只能用单数。 如：,Mary is,one of the students,that,have,been invited to sing at the concert.,Mary is,the only one of the students,that,has,been invited to sing at the concert.,不定代词,all,most,some,等作助于书，,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所指代的,名词的数。,如：,内容一致,内容一致,2the + 形容词或分词 指一类人，,如：the rich (富人), the living (活着的人),the wounded (伤者作主语时，,谓语动词用复数。 如：,The sick,have,been cured and,the lost,have,been found.,The rich,are,eager to help the poor.,The wounded,have,been taken,good care of .,The living,have,to cheer up and,continue to live.,内容一致,(3),用,and,连接的成对名词习惯上被看做一个,整体时，如：,bread and butter(,面包加黄油,),knife and fork(,刀叉,),等作主语时，谓语动词,用单数。如：,内容一致,4不定数量的词组，如：a part of, a lot of,lots of, one of, a number of, plenty of,等作主语时，谓 语动词的单复数取决于,它们所修饰的名词。如：,A part of the,textbooks,have,arrived.,A part of the,apple,has,beeb eaten up,by the pig.,A lot of,people,have,heared the news.,A lof of,money,has,been spent on,this project.,内容一致,(5),表示时间、金钱、距离、度量等的名词作,主语，尽管是复数形式，它们作为一个单,一的概念时，其谓语动词用,单数,形式。,如,：,One million dollars,is,a lot of money.,Ten miles,is,a long distance.,Two years,is,enough is learn a foreign,language.,就近一致,1由here, there, where 以及状语从句提前,构成的倒装句中，(有时主语不止一个时),谓语与靠近它的主语保持一致。如：,Here,comes,the bus,.,There,is,a pen, two books and three,pencils on the desk.,On top of the mountain,stands,a tower,.,Where,is,your mother,?,Where,are,your friends,?,就近一致,2由连词or, either or, neither nor,not only but also, not but 等连接,的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语,保持一致。如：,Neither the students nor,the teacher,knows,anything about it.,He or,you,have,taken my pen.,Not only Tom but,I,am,satisfied with,the result.,Not only they but also,we,are,interested,in the film.,
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