快速阅读

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,阅读专题,概述,教育部颁布的,大学英语教学大纲,指出英语四级考试要求为：能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读速度达到每分钟,70,词。在阅读篇幅较长、难度略低、生词不超过总词数,3%,的材料时，能掌握中心大意，抓住主要事实和有关细节，阅读理解的准确率以,70%,为合格。,材料题材,1,社会科学：,教育学，经济学，信息科学，,电脑网络,新技术、新设备的使用,2,自然科学：,环境保护，新能源的利用,3,人文科学：,社会关系，风土人情，社会生活,主要测试能力,（,1,）事实和细节,（,2,）判断和推论,（,3,）主旨大意,（,4,）态度题,（,5,）单词、短语句子意义,（,6,）上下文的逻辑关系,710,分四级阅读（,249,分）,（,1,）比例：,35%,（,2,）篇章： 快速阅读理解,10%,篇章词汇理解 （新题型讲解）,仔细阅读,理解,（,3,）总阅读量：,1200+300+450*2=2400,（,4,）时长：,15,（快速）,+ 25,（仔细）,（,5,）题型： 快速 是非判断,选择,+,句子填空,词汇 选词填空,阅读 多项选择 （,9,分钟）,克服不良的阅读习惯,介词短语、不定式、长主语、从句等都可以视为一个意群。,2.,文章的有些内容是,不需阅读,的,1,）人名地名后的修饰成分,;,2,）插入语；,3,）定语从句等修饰主语的成分,1.,不会按照,“意群”,来阅读,例如：,Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue,that rewards can,improve,performance at work and school. But,cognitive (,认知的,)researchers,who study various aspects of mental life,maintain,that rewards often,destroy,creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.,Fast Reading,测试目的,快速阅读目的在于考察学生一定时间内的阅读量。四级对速度的考察是近些年一直延续的一种结果。同时在答题方面，快速阅读更强调学生在实践语言环境中查询有效信息的能力，也反映出四级考试试图提升学生实际应用能力的改革方向。,文章特点,1,、文章长度为,800-1200,词左右,2,、一般为说明性的文章,3,、大部分文章既有大标题，又有小标题，甚至还有更小的标题，即使没有小标题文章层次也非常的清晰。,4,、如果出现超纲词会用汉语标记。,1.,题目设置的顺序性与文章顺序一致（前,7,题）,按,字母顺序排列,。按,日期和时间,排列。,例如：真题,Highways (,隐性排列,),Early in the 20th century 1921 1919 1944 1956 Today,按,年代,排列。按,类别,排列。,2.,前七题为选择题的可能性增大（,2007.06,开始）,3.,填空题部分答案需要改动,题目特点,快速阅读步骤及方法,1.,跳读全文,(skimming),（,1,）,总,标题,：了解全文核心，积极调动母语,已有知识,（,2,）,各小标题,：掌握文章走向和结构变化,（,3,）,第一自然段首末句,：,抓住中心思想，有可能发现作者态度观点,（,4,）,其他段落的首句,：发掘细节信息点,（,5,）,结尾段首末句,跳读技巧,(1),印刷细节,如,标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号,。预测略读要了解作者的,思路、文章方式,(,模式,),，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。,例子,2008.06,快速阅读小标题,标题 ：,Media Selection for Advertisement,小标题：,Television-Newspapers - Radio - Magazines - Out-of-home advertising Internet - Direct mail,题目,:,1.,Television,is an attractive advertising medium in that _.,3. Compared with television,newspapers,as an advertising medium _.,4. Advertising on,radio,continues to grow because _.,5.,Magazines,are seen by advertisers as an efficient way to_.,6.,Out-of-home advertising,has become more effective because _.,7. The challenge to,Internet,advertisers is to create ads that are _.,（,2,）,首末句原则，掌握文章主旨大意,Theres an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels,（化石，矿物燃料）,.,Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just cant get started,” people say. But its not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet.,But,in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history.,I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body.,What youre seeking is not physical energy. Its emotional energy.,Yet, sad to say, life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations. We encounter emergencies and personal crises.,No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional fatigue, a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.,题目（是非判定）：,1. The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels.,_,2. People these days tend to lack physical energy.,_,F,F,2.,审题，扫读，确定关键词（,scanning,）,技巧概述：,第一，阅读题干：,明确定位词。,充分利用小标题和醒目的定位词，或者是找关键的有意义的信息。,第二、快速找,重现,第三、,简单,化求解：仔细阅读原文，认真对照题目，尤其要注意题目中句式和用词的变化，最终找出与原文相符的选项。,2.1,首要定位词（,1,）,.,问题或选项中所涉及到的,人名、地名,，,专有名词,，则主要寻找,首字母大写,的单词,例子,2010.06 Caught in the Web,1. What eventually made,Carla,Toebe,realize she was spending too much time on the Internet?,3.,Jonathan,Bishop,believes that the Internet overuse problem can be solved if people _.,4. According to,Professor,Maressa,Orzack, Internet use would be considered excessive if _.,5. According to,Orzack, people who,struggle,with heavy reliance on the Internet may feel _.,6. Why did,Andre,Heidrich,cut back,online gaming?,7.,Andrew,Heidrich,now visits websites that discuss online gaming addiction to _.,A few months ago, it wasnt unusual for 47-year-old,Carla Toebe,to spend 15 hours per day online. Shed wake up early, turn on her laptop and chat on Internet dating sites and instant-messaging programs leaving her bed for only brief intervals. Her household bills piled up, along with the dishes and dirty laundry,but it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem.,“,I was starting to feel like my whole world was falling apart-kind of slipping into a depression,” said Carla. “I knew that if I didnt get off the dating sites, Id just keep going,” detaching (,使脱离,) herself further from the outside world.,Toebes,conclusion: She felt like she was “addicted” to the Internet. Shes not alone.,Concern about excessive Internet use isnt new. As far back as 1995, articles in medical journals and the establishment of a Pennsylvania treatment center for,overusers,generated interest in the subject. Theres still no consensus on how much time online constitutes too much or whether addiction is possible.,But as reliance on the Web grows, there are signs that the question is getting more serious attention: Last month, a study published in CNS Spectrums claimed to be the first large-scale look at excessive Internet use. The American Psychiatric Association may,consider listing Internet addiction in the next edition of its diagnostic manual. And scores of online discussion boards have popped up on which people discuss negative,experiences tied to too much time on the Web.,“,Theres no question that therere people whore seriously in trouble because theyre overdoing their Internet involvement,” said psychiatrist (,精神科医生,),Ivan Goldberg,. Goldberg calls the problem a disorder rather than a true addiction.,Jonathan Bishop, a researcher in Wales specializing in online communities, is more skeptical. “The Internet is an environment,” he said. “You cant be addicted to the environment.”,Bishop describes the problem as simply a matter of priorities, which can be solved by encouraging people to prioritize other life goals and plans in place of time spent online.,The new CNS Spectrums study was based on results of a nationwide telephone survey of more than 2,500 adults. Like the 2005 survey, this one was conducted by Stanford University researchers. About 6% of respondents reported that “their relationships suffered because of excessive Internet use.” About 9% attempted to conceal “nonessential Internet use,” and nearly 4% reported feeling “preoccupied by the Internet when offline.”,About 8% said they used the Internet as a way to escape problems, and almost 14% reported they “found it hard to stay away from the Internet for several days at a time.”,“The Internet problem is still in its infancy,” said,Elias Aboujaoude, a Stanford professor. No single online activity is to blame for excessive use, he said. “Theyre online in chat rooms, checking e-mail, or writing blogs. The problem is not limited to porn (,色情,) or gambling” websites.,Excessive Internet use should be defined not by the number of hours spent online but “in terms of losses,” said,Maressa Orzack, a Harvard University professor. “If its a loss where youre not getting to work,and family relationships are breaking down as a result, then its too much.”,Since the early 1990s, several clinics have been established in the U. S. to treat heavy Internet users. They include the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery and the Center for Internet Behavior.,The website for,Orzacks,center,lists the,following among the psychological symptoms of,computer addiction:, Having a sense of well-being (,幸福,) or excitement while at the computer., Longing for more and more time at the computer., Neglect of family and friends., Feeling empty, depressed or irritable when not at the computer., Lying to employers and family about activities., Inability to stop the activity., Problems with school or job.,Physical symptoms listed include dry eyes, backaches, skipping meals, poor personal hygiene (,卫生,) and sleep disturbances.,People,who struggle with,excessive Internet use maybe depressed or have other mood disorders,Orzack said,. When she discusses Internet habits with her patients, they often report that being online offers a “sense of belonging, and escape, excitement and fun,” she said. “Some people say reliefbecause they find themselves so relaxed.”,Some parts of the Internet seem to draw people in more than others. Internet gamers spend countless hours competing in games against people from all over the world. One such game, called World of,Warcraft, is cited on many sites by posters complaining of a “gaming addiction.”,Andrew Heidrich,an education network administrator from Sacramento, plays World of,Warcraft,for about two to four hours every other night, but thats nothing compared with the 40 to 60 hours a week he spent playing online games when he was in college.,He cut back,only after a full-scale family intervention (,干预,), in which relatives told him hed gained weight.,“,Theres this whole culture of competition that sucks people in” with online gaming, said,Heidrich, now a father of two. “People do it at the expense of everything that was a constant in their lives”,Heidrich,now visits websites that discuss gaming addiction regularly,“to remind myself to keep my love for online games in check.”,Toebe,also regularly visits a site where posters discuss Internet overuse. In August, when she first realized she had a problem, she posted a message on a Yahoo Internet addiction group with the subject line: “I have an Internet Addiction.”,“,Im self-employed and need the Internet for my work, but Im failing to accomplish my work, to take care of my home, to give attention to my children,” she wrote in a message sent to the group.” I have no money or insurance to get professional help; I cant even pay my mortgage (,抵押贷款,) and face losing everything.”,Since then,Toebe,said, she has kept her promise to herself to cut back on her Internet use. “I have a boyfriend now, and Im not interested in online dating,” she said by phone last week. “Its a lot better now.”,（,2,）,.,日期、时间、数字问题，主要查找具体数字,；,及百分比，金钱符号，特殊符号，带连词符的词等。,例 子 ,2007.12. Universities Branch Out,2,Over the past three decades,the enrollment of overseas students,has increased,.,A,by2.5 millionB,by 800,000,C,at an annual rate of 3.9 percent,D,at an annual rate of 8 percent,3,In the United States, how many of,the newly hired professors in science and engineering,are foreign-born?,A,10%,B,20%,C,30% D,38%,Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades,the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of,3.0 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2994. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries id growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too.,Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the,doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and,38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the,number crossing borders for undergraduate study is,growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at,Americas best institutions and 10 percent of all,undergraduates in the U.K.,In the United States,20 percent,of the newly hired professors in,science and engineering are foreign-born,and in,China many newly hired faculty hired faculty,members at the top research universities received,their graduate education abroad.,2.2,辅助类定位词,包括,实意名词和动宾短语,。当我们发现一个题干中没有明显的定位词时，我们也可以用有实际意义的名词来定位。比如,university,。这个名词尽管不符合我们首要定位词的原则，但是这个词表意也比较集中，即使被替换，也只能被类似,college,，,school,，,institute,所替换。所以可以带着,university,这个单词的核心意思回原文定位。,快速阅读中的其它技巧,1.,注意逻辑关系词，如,转折词和序列词,等。,转折词如,however, moreover, in addition,；,序列词,firstly, secondly,等。（稍后将在仔细阅读中精讲）,因果关系：,as a result,，,therefore,，,hence,，,consequently,，,because, for, due to, hence, consequently,等等。,例子,2008.12,第三题（,so,）,2,、并列、递进关系：,and, or, then,，,in addition,，,besides,，,in other words,，,moreover,等等,2.,特殊标点符号：,特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进 一步解释和说明，因此命题者常对这些标点符号后的内容进行提问。,特殊标点符号包括：破折号,(,表解释,),、括号,(,表解释,),、冒号,(,表解释,),和引号,(,表引用,),。,例子,2006.06,样题,Landfills,Dump,an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most peoples idea of a landfill!),Landfill,carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.,Sanitary landfillland,fill that uses a clay liner,（粘土衬垫）,to isolate the trash from the environment,Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill,（,landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment,三、特殊信息点在快速阅读中的运用,“特殊信息点”是指那些很容易在文章中识别的词汇，诸如，,时间，数字，大写字母,等。,例子,landfill3,样题中“,How Much Trash Is Generated?”,一段中：,Of the,210 million,tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually,about 56 million tons, or 27 percent,is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (,做成堆肥,) (yard waste).,再如样题中“,How Is Trash Disposed of”,一段中：,The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since,1960,.,This trash is handled in various ways. About,27 percent,of the trash is recycled or composted,16 percent,is burned and,57 percent,is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since,1960,.,填空三步曲,填空要做到完整不出意外，按以下三步走。,一、定性。空格要求什么性质的东西。是一个词、短语、还是从句等。还要分清性质，是名词性动词性还是形容词性等，填的时候对症下药。,二、定位。,三、基本照抄。原文照搬即可。问题是抄哪一部 分，哪几个词，取决于第一步定性的结果。,2010.6,8,、,In one of the messages she posted on a website,Toebe,admitted that she,9,、,Excessive Internet use had rendered,Toebe,so poor that she couldnt afford to seek,10,、,Now that shes got a boyfriend,Toebe,is no longer crazy about,1.She posted a message on a Yahoo Internet addiction group with the subject line “I have an Internet addiction”,2. She wrote in a message sent to the group. “I have no money or insurance to get professional help”,3. I have a boyfriend now, and Im not interested in online dating.,THE END,