Unit1理工职场英语答案1

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,YOUR COMPANY NAME or YOUR SITE ADDRESS,*,LOGO,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,LOGO,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Unit-1理工职场英语答案,Unit-1理工职场英语答案Unit-1理工职场英语答案Unit 1 Research and DevelopmentLesson 1. Congress and the National Science FoundationLesson 2. Measuring and comparing R&D activityLesson 3. Coordinating the members of the teamLesson 4. Working out a logical sequenceLesson 5. Gradually increasing expenditureLesson 6. Developing a new productEXIT,Unit 1 Research and Development,Lesson,1. Congress and the National Science Foundation,Lesson,2. Measuring and comparing R&D activity,Lesson,3. Coordinating the members of the team,Lesson,4. Working out a logical sequence,Lesson 5,. Gradually increasing expenditure,Lesson 6,.,Developing a new product,EXIT,Unit 1 Research and Development,Additional Activities,Reading Resources,Writing Resources,Unit Test,Grammar Resources,Additional Resources,EXIT,In pairs or small groups, discuss the questions.,Lesson 1,Congress and the National Science Foundation,a,1. In your country, which government department has responsibility,for scientific research?,2. Which universities in your country have a strong reputation for,scientific research?,universities governments industries foundations,Read and complete the text using the words below.,b,Key,cientific research requires substantial funding, especially when it,involves the use of expensive equipment. This funding often comes,directly from (1) _. In the U.S. for example, it is the federal government that sponsors most national defense and space exploration projects.,Funding for science can also come from science (2) _. In 1950, the U.S. Congress passed an act that established the National Science Foundation. This independent federal agency develops a national science policy and supports scientific research and education. Two other well-known foundations that are involved in disease research are the,S,Funding for Scientific Research,governments,foundations,American Cancer Society and the National Heart Association.,Research is also conducted and supported by private-sector (3) _ that employ scientistsespecially from the applied scienceswho work in the development of industrial or commercial processes and products.,Scientific research is also supported by (4) _ through professorships. Most professors do not just give classes but also conduct scientific research. Indeed, what many professors are looking for is the opportunity to work at a university where they can continue their own research. These are the professors whose students,have the chance to observe real research at first,hand. Most universities specialize in certain fields,and they are frequently judged on the achievements,of their research professors. Scientists whose,research findings are published and talked,about in scientific circles bring prestige to the,institution where they work.,Key,universities governments industries foundations,industries,universities,Read the text again and find the words that mean the same,as the following phrases.,c,1. very large (paragraph 1),_,2. a law passed by a parliament, congress, etc. (paragraph 2),_,3. use the services of someone or something (paragraph 3),_,4. respect and admiration for someone or something of high quality,(paragraph 4),_,substantial,an act,employ,prestige,Key,In pairs, discuss and write definitions for the following,terms from the text. Use a dictionary to help you.,d,1. the federal government 3. the private sector 5. the applied sciences,2. at first hand 4. research findings 6. in scientific circles,Read the last two paragraphs of the text again and complete,these sentences.,e,1. In paragraph 3, line 2, the pronoun that refers to,_,2. In paragraph 3, line 4, the pronoun who refers to,_,3. In paragraph 4, line 4, the pronoun what refers to,_,4. In paragraph 4, line 6, the pronoun where refers to,_,5. In paragraph 4, line 8, the pronoun whose refers to,_,industries,scientists,a university,the opportunity,the professors,Key,Read and complete the sentences with appropriate relative,pronouns. The first one has been done for you.,f,1. It is the Ministry of Science and Education _ decides where to,allocate funds.,2. This is Prof. Wilkinson _ book was published last month.,3. The American Cancer Society, _ is involved in disease research,is a well-known foundation.,4. You need to talk to Prof. Dawes _ handles the admissions.,5. The difficult thing is _ the department has no more money for,research.,6. The application procedure _ we have to follow is very complex.,that,whose,which,who,Key,that,which,Complete these sentences with information that reflects,your personal views.,g,1. In this country it is _ that provides most of the money for,scientific research.,2. In my opinion, what science students are looking for is _.,3. In my opinion, _ is the scientist whose work has had the,greatest impact.,4. The institutions where many scientists want to work are _.,In small groups, compare and discuss your answers,to Exercise g.,h,Lesson 2,Measuring and comparing R&D activity,Discuss the following questions in pairs or small groups.,a,1. How can the level of R&D activity of a company be measured?,2. Which measure do you consider to be the best indicator of,R&D activity?,Listen and complete the notes. Check and compare your,answers.,b,Indicators of R&D activity,1.,_,2.,_,3.,_,4.,_,budgets,number of new patents filed,number and frequency of publications,percentage of revenue spent on R&D,Key,Script,Read the sentences and circle,True,or,False,.,c,Key,Look at the chart and estimate what percentage of their,revenue companies spend on R&D.,d,7,14,15,25,43,Key,(Source: UK R&D Scoreboard, 2004),Listen and check your answers.,e,Interviewer:,So how much do companies spend on R&D? That is, what sort,of R&D intensity rates do we see, for example, in a typical U.S.,manufacturing company?,Expert:,Typical R&D expenditure might be around 3.5% of revenuemore,or less.,Interviewer:,As little as that?,Expert:,Yes. High-tech companies, like computer manufacturers, for example,tend to spend more on R&D. Maybe around,7%,of their revenue.,Interviewer:,In which sectors do we find the bigger R&D spenders?,Expert:,Well, these tend to be either high-tech companies or, especially,pharmaceutical companies. To give you an example, the American,pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co. spends about,14%,of revenue on R&D,while the Swiss firm Novartis invests about,15%,each year. Some,telecommunications companies spend heavily on R&D. For example, the,Swedish company Ericsson spends,25%,of revenue on R&D.,Interviewer:,And who is top of the list?,Expert:,The biggest spender is the American pharmaceutical company,Allergan. They spend an enormous amount on R&D,43%,of revenue.,The big (1) _ in R&D tend to produce certain types of productthings like (2) _ scientific instruments, medicines, high-tech weapons systems, navigation and safety devices for aircraft, etc. Whereas, typically, a manufacturing company might make a profit of 40% on its sales, the profits of these (3) _ companies can range from 60% to as high as 90%. In other words, manufacturing (4) _ represent only 10%,Read and complete the text with the words from the box.,The first one has been done for you.,f,Key,costs customer failure invest precision,profit profitable R&D-intensive spenders unprofitable,R&D-intensive,customer,failure,spenders,of the price that the (5) _ pays for the productthe remaining 90% being (6) _. One might ask how these companies can justify figures like these. The explanation lies in the fact that, for them, R&D carries a high risk of (7) _. A large part of the time and money that they (8) _ in R&D does not create any (9) _ products at all. So the high profits of a handful of successful products serve to offset the cost of numerous (10) _ projects.,Key,costs customer failure invest precision,profit profitable R&D-intensive spenders unprofitable,profitable,precision,costs,profit,invest,unprofitable,Read the completed text and answer the questions.,g,1. For a typical manufacturing company, what percentage of sales,represents profit?,_,2. In what manufacturing fields do R&D-intensive companies tend,to operate?,_,_,3. What percentage of sales is profit for an R&D-intensive company?,_,4. Why is R&D a high-risk activity for some companies?,_,_,40%.,Precision scientific instruments, medicines, high-tech,weapons systems, navigation and,safety devices for aircraft.,From 60% to 90%.,A large part of R&D investment does not create any,profitable products.,Key,In pairs, role-play a conversation in which a scientist from,an R&D-intensive company explains the economics of R&D,investment to a layperson.,h,In pairs or small groups, look for information on one or more,of the topics in the box below and prepare an oral report.,i,1. Spending on R&D as a percentage of revenue in the place where,you work,2. Spending on R&D as a percentage of revenue in a well-known,company in your country,3. Reviews, journals, periodicals, etc., where scientists can get their,research work published,4. The largest recipients of funding for research in your country,5. The process by which inventions and innovations are patented in,your country,Interviewer:,How is R&D activity measured and compared?,Expert:,Well, there are various measures. Some analysts compare,the budgetsboth from government and from the private sector,that are available to R&D establishments.,Interviewer:,So, the larger the budget, the higher the level of R&D,activity.,Expert:,Right. Others take into account the number of new patents,that are filed and obtained by a company over a given time,period. A third indicator that is sometimes used is the number,and the frequency of publicationsespecially peer-reviewed,publicationsthat are produced by a research organization.,Interviewer:,What, in your opinion, is the best measure of R&D,activity?,Expert:,Well, to my mind, perhaps the best indicator is the,percentage of revenues that a company spends on R&D each,year. This is sometimes referred to as R&D intensity.,Interviewer:,Why is this a good indicator of R&D activity?,Expert:,Well, there are three reasons. Firstly this ratiothe,percentage of revenue that is spent on R&Dis information,that is regularly updated, secondly, this information is available,to the public, and thirdly it reflects business risk.,Interviewer:,Risk?,Expert:,Yes. The extent to which a company is prepared to,“gamble” on the future success of the products it is developing.,Lesson 3,Coordinating the members of the team,Look at the cartoon and, in pairs, discuss what you,think it is about.,a,Laypeople often think of R&D scientists as solitary figures working,in a laboratory on some abstract problem. (1) _ this may be true for a handful of scientists working on basic research, the vast majority work on R&D projects in teams. These project teams include (2) _ scientists from various disciplines _ representatives from diverse functional groups within a company, for example, marketing, manufacturing, and human resources.,Formerly, R&D projects were passed from one group of specialists to another in serial fashion. The term “throwing it over the wall” was often used to describe this way of working, in which each stage of the process was isolated from the others. Research evidence showed that this method,Read and complete the text with the connecting phrases,from the box. Two of the expressions are in two parts.,The first one has been done for you.,b,Though,not only,but also,Key,as a result because in order to,neither / nor not only / but also though,was (3) _ efficient _cost-effective (4) _ it was very time-consuming.,Companies now bring together representatives from each stage of,the process and, in this way, they try to achieve more cross-functional communication and participation. The goal is to coordinate processes better and to identify and avoid problems that otherwise might only be discovered later. (5) _ work effectively in cross-functional project teams, scientists must have both up-to-date knowledge of their technical fields and also skill in communication, problem-solving, and group decision-makingall necessary for successful teamwork.,(6) _, universities are now giving more importance to the development of these skills, and companies are looking for ways to,foster these attributes in training programs for their employees.,In order to,As a result,neither,nor,because,Key,as a result because in order to,neither / nor not only / but also though,1. cost-effective,_,2. cross-functional,_,3. time-consuming,_,4. up-to-date,_,In pairs, find synonyms for the following hyphenated,phrases from the text.,c,Key,economically worthwhile, financially viable,multidisciplinary, interdependent,slow, lengthy, protracted,modern, the latest, new, current, state-of-the-art,Read through the completed text and answer the questions.,d,1. According to the text, what is a common misconception about R&D,scientists?,2. What sort of people make up an R&D project team nowadays?,3. Why is the term “throwing it over the wall” an appropriate one?,4. What is required of scientists who are working in cross-functional,project teams?,That R&D scientists are solitary figures working in a,laboratory on some abstract problem.,Scientists from various disciplines and representatives from,diverse functional groups within a company.,The process is serial in nature and each stage of the process is,isolated from the others.,Up-to-date knowledge of their technical fields and skill in,communication, problem-solving, and group decision-making.,Key,You have been assigned the task of choosing a project leader,for an R&D project. Make notes of the qualities and skills that,you think a good project leader should have.,e,Compare and discuss your,answers in pairs.,f,Listen to the discussion on choosing a project leader and,compare your ideas with those that you hear.,g,Manager:,So, we need to choose someone to head up this new R&D,project. Its a very important project and I want to make sure we,choose the right person. Any ideas?,Assistant 1:,Basically, we need someone who can coordinate the,members of the team.,Assistant 2:,Yes, but this person should also be someone who can,motivate and lead people.,Manager:,I agree. Thats very important.,Assistant 1:,Also, a good project leader must represent the groups,interests in the larger organization. They should be a sort of,champion for the project.,Assistant 2:,Yes. Because its the project leader who has to negotiate,with management to obtain the resources that he or she needs to,get the job done.,Assistant 1:,We need a very responsible person because, in the end,its the project leader who has to keep the project on schedule and,within the budget.,Manager:,Youre right. That is also very important. So, who do you,suggest?,Assistant 1:,Well, I was thinking of . . . (fade),Combining your ideas with those that you heard in the,conversation, complete the sentences describing the ideal,qualities of a project leader. Add sentences of your own.,h,The ideal project leader is a person who _,Ideally, the project leader should _,Lesson 4,Working out a logical sequence,a,Discuss the questions in pairs or small groups.,1. What sort of projects are you sometimes required to plan?,2. How do you plan a project?,3. Do you consider yourself to be a good planner?,4. What skills are required when planning a project?,1. The letters CPM stand for: _,2. CPM is used to determine: _,3. Timescale: _,4. “Slack time”: _,5. Allocation of resources: _,Listen to the interview about research,and development projects and,complete the notes.,b,Critical Path Method,the minimum time needed,to complete a whole project,CPM is used for establishing a timescale,some,steps can be started later and still,be finished on time,CPM helps with the allocation,of resources,Key,Script,c,Look at the words and phrases from the interview. Match,each verb with the correct noun or noun phrase to form,appropriate collocations. The first one has been done,for you.,1. work out,2. construct,3. add up,4. establish,5. allocate,6. cause,a. resources,b. a timescale for a project,c. a delay,d. the total number of weeks,e. a logical sequence,f. a diagram,Key,_,_,_,_,_,_,e,f,d,b,a,c,Research and Development Project X,d,Look at the diagram and choose the correct options.,Step A,2 weeks,Step B,1 week,Step C,4 weeks,Step D,3 weeks,Step E,3 weeks,Step F,2 weeks,Step G,2 weeks,Step H,2 weeks,Step I,2 weeks,Project,completed,Research and Development Project X,1. The total number of weeks needed to complete Project X is _.,a.,20,b.,21,c.,22,d.,23,2. Step E cannot be started until Step _ has been completed.,a.,B,b.,C,c.,D,d.,F,3. Steps E and F can be done at the same time as Step _.,a.,C,b.,D,c.,G,d.,H,4. Step H cannot be started until Steps _ have been completed.,a.,E, F, and G,b.,A, C, and F,c.,A, D, and G,d.,A, B, and E,5. Step I can be done at the same time as Step _.,a.,E,b.,F,c.,G,d.,H,6. The critical path is the sequence _.,a.,A, B, E, H,b.,A, C, F, H,c.,A, D, G, H,d,.,A, D, G, I,Key,e,In small groups, invent an R&D project and prepare a list,of tasks that will have to be completed during the project.,Include between eight and twelve steps, but do not include,time allocations. Then pass your list to another group.,f,Read through the other groups list of tasks and allocate,a minimum time (in weeks) for the completion of each,step and write this on the list. Then pass your list to,another, different group.,g,Read through the other groups list of tasks and time,allocations and prepare a Critical Path diagram to show,the minimum number of weeks that will be needed to,complete the entire R&D project.,Interviewer:,How do you plan a research and development project?,R&D expert:,We often use a system called the Critical Path Method,or CPM.,Interviewer:,How does that work?,R&D expert:,Well, all projects are broken down into steps and,sequences. Certain steps have to be completed before we c