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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,高效语法复习篇,第,8,节,非谓语动词,不定式,高考湖南卷的单项选择题中动词不定式必考，每年1题，总计1分。,1只能后接不定式的动词和短语归纳：,ask, plan, intend, mean(方案), manage, do / try ones best, make an attempt(努力), learn(学习), hope, desire, expect, long, want, would like, would prefer, wish(希望、愿意), agree, promise(同意), decide, determine, choose, make a decision, make up ones mind(决定), offer(主动提出), apply(申请), help(帮助), fail(不能、没有), prepare(准备), pretend(假装), refuse(拒绝), happen(碰巧), afford(负担得起)等。,2,某些抽象名词需要接不定式作定语。,plan, attempt, decision, determination, intention, courage, ambition, promise, chance, opportunity, right, ability, effort,等。,3,序数词和,last, few,等词后常接不定式作定语。,He is always the first to come and the last to leave.,他总是第一个来最后一个走的。,4主动表被动的不定式。,(1)不定式to blame, to let, to seek用作表语时，通常用主动表被动意义。,Who is to blame?,该怪谁呢？,A better way is yet to seek.,还得找一种更好的方法。,(2)在“be 形容词to do的结构中，即不定式在作表语的形容词后充当状语，同时，主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语，此时习惯上以主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词通常有difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, enough, sure, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, good, important等。,The text is easy to understand.,这篇课文容易理解。,The chair is very comfortable to sit on.,这椅子坐起来很舒服。,English is easy to learn.,英语很容易学。,He is difficult to deal with.,他很难打交道。,(3)不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时(此时不定式与其所修饰的名词或代词之间存在动宾关系)，如果句子中的另一名词或代词(就是句子的主语)可以充当不定式的逻辑主语，即与该不定式之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，那么此时不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。,I have a meeting to attend.,我有一个会议要参加。(其中I是不定式to attend的逻辑主语),Have you a letter to send?,你要去寄信吗？(you是to send的逻辑主语),但是，当不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，那么不定式就需要用被动语态。,Have you a letter to be sent? 你有信要我去寄吗？ (该句中不定式to be sent与主句主语you之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。),(4)在“疑问词what/which/whom不定式结构中，有时以主动形式表被动意义。,I dont know which book to choose.,我不知道选哪本书。,(5)在“tooto结构中，用主动形式表示被动意义，此时不定式前面可以加逻辑主语。,The box is too heavy (for me) to carry.,这盒子太重了，搬不动。,English is too difficult (for the old lady) to learn.,英语(对这个老奶奶来说)很难学。,【,知识运用,】,填空题：,1. The little boy is hard _ (get) along with.,2. I have a lot of things _ (do), so I have to leave now.,3. Nobody is allowed _ (smoke) here.,4. He got up early _ (catch) the early bus.,5. The teacher had no choice but _ (leave),答案：,1. to get,2. to do,3. to smoke,4. to catch,5. to leave,1. Considering the dangerous situation, they asked for _ another meeting.,A. there be B. there to be,C. there being D. there was,【,分析,】,B,此题很容易误选,C,，因为空格前有介词,for,，所以其后的,there be,的非谓语形式应用,there being,，而不用,there to be,。其实错了，正确答案应是,B,。在通常情况下，,there be,结构出现在介词后时，要用,there being,的形式，但这有一个例外，就是在介词,for,之后只能用,there to be,。,2. I havent heard from Henry for a long time., What do you suppose _ to him?,A. was happening B. to happen,C. has happened D. had happened,【,分析,】,C,此题容易误选,B,，认为动词,suppose,后接动词用不定式。正确答案应是,C,，其中的,do you suppose,是插入成分。,v,. ing,形式,高考湖南卷的单项选择题中v.ing形式必考，每年1题，总计1分。,1只接v.ing形式作宾语的动词或短语：,cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。,2既可以接不定式，又可以接v.ing形式的有：,(1)意义根本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)。,(2)意义相反。stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事；stop doing 停止正在做的事。,(3)意义不同。,remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生); remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生),go on to do(接着做另外一件事); go on doing(接着做同一件事),try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力)；try doing(试着去做，看有何结果),mean to do(打算做，企图做)；mean doing (意思是，意味着),cant help to do(不能帮助做)；cant help doing(忍不住要做),3不定式与v.ing形式用法比较,(1)v.ing形式着重进程；不定式着重结果。,He has been trying to solve the problem.,他一直在设法解决这一问题。,Your work needs correcting.,你写的东西需要修改。,(2)v.ing形式表示一般或抽象的屡次性行为；而不定式那么往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。,To play with fire will be dangerous.,玩火会发生危险。,Teaching is my job, and to teach the kid is my task this afternoon.,教书是我的工作，今天下午去教那个孩子是我的任务。,(3)有的动词其后接v.ing形式表示已完成的动作；不定式那么表示未完成的动作。,I remember closing the window.,我记得把窗户关上了。,Remember to close the window.,记着要关窗户。,(4)v.ing形式的逻辑主语可能泛指“人们；而不定式的逻辑主语那么常常是句子中的名词或代词。,I hate working on Sundays.,我讨厌星期日上班。,I hate to smoke.,我讨厌抽烟。,4注意某些短语中的to不是不定式符号，而是介词，后面应该接v.ing形式(请参阅介词讲解局部)。,【,知识运用,】,填空题：,1. The holiday is coming and we are all looking forward to _ (go) for an outing.,2. The story of the famous writer is very _ (interest),3. He hated _ (laugh) at in public.,4. _ (teach) is a job which requires patience.,5. With his hard work, he succeeded in _ (work) out the problem.,答案：,1. going,2. interesting,3. being laughed,4. Teaching,5. working,v,. ed,形式,高考湖南卷的单项选择题中v.ed形式必考，每年1题，总计1分。,1v.ing形式与v.ed形式的用法比较：,(1)在时间上v.ing形式一般表示正在进行的动作；v.ed形式那么往往表示已经完成的动作。,This is Mr. Smith speaking.,我是史密斯先生。,This machine part is broken.,这个机器零件坏了。,(2),v,.ed,形式可以作定语，表示被动，表示已经完成的动作；,v,.ing,形式的被动式也可以作定语，表示被动，但表示正在进行的动作。,The bridge being built will be important in this areas traffic.,正在建造的这座桥在该地区的交通中将起到重要作用。,The bridge built last year has played an important part in this areas traffic.,去年建造的这座桥在该地区的交通中起了重要作用。,(3),v,.ed,形式可以作宾语补足语，表示被动，有时表示已经完成的动作，有时并不表示已经完成；,v,.ing,形式的被动式也可以作宾语补足语，表示被动，表示正在进行的动作。,Ill have my bike repaired after school.,放学后我要去修自行车。,The students found their school being decorated.,学生们发现学校正在装修。,(4)过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。英语中这样的分词还有很多：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。,The children are very interested in the interesting story.,孩子们对这个有趣的故事很感兴趣。,2,动词,have,后所接的,3,种宾语补足语：,(1)have somebody/something do sth.,不定式作补语必须省去,to,不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。,I had the workers do the job for me.,我让工人们替我完成了工作。,(2)have somebody /something doing sth. ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。,They had the tractor working all the time.,他们让拖拉机一直工作着。,(3)have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：,主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。,He had his hair cut yesterday.,他昨天理发了。,主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。,He had his leg broken in the match last month.,他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。,3分词的独立主格结构： 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否那么，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。,(1)独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。,Supper finished (After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic.,吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。,All the tickets having been sold out (As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next weeks show.,所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。,(2)表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。,The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.,足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。,(3)表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with宾语宾语补足语的结构来替换。,He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head).,他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。,The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(with flowers and grass growing on both sides).,这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。,4“with宾语宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。,The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide.,孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我们。,I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up.,没人叫我，我会错过火车的。,With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.,考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。,5,垂悬结构。,有些惯用的分词短语在句子里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：,generally/strictly/roughly/,broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided,等。,Talking of the computer, I like it very much.,谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。,Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.,考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。,Generally speaking, I like exciting sports.,一般来说，我喜欢刺激的运动。,【,知识运用,】,填空题：,1. We are all _ (disappoint) with the bad news.,2. With all the work _ (do), they left for a holiday.,3. Last week, he noticed a woman _ (rob) by a bad man.,4. I have to raise my voice to make myself _ (hear),5. _ (inform) of the latest news for some times, we have to take some necessary measures.,答案：,1. disappointed,2. done,3. robbed,4. heard,5. Having been informed,1. Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university., So do I.,A. hope B. hopes,C. hoping D. hoped,【,分析,】,B,此题应选,B,，句子的真正主语是,each of the students,，空格处填的,hopes,是句子谓语，其中的,working hard at his or her lessons,是插入成分修饰主语。,2. The husband advised _ to the south, but his wife advised him _ up the idea.,A. moving; giving,B. to move; to give,C. moving; to give,D. to move; giving,【分析】C此题容易误选A，因为许多学生都记住了“advise 后接动词要用动名词而不用不定式这一搭配规那么。但此“规那么的表述是不准确的，准确的说法应该是：advise 后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不用不定式；但假设其后接的动词前有宾语，此动词用作宾语补足语时，那么此动词要用不定式。即说 advise doing sth.(建议做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建议某人做某事)。,【,分析,】,类似情况的还有,allow(,允许,),，,permit(,允许,),，,forbid(,禁止,),等动词，即：,allow doing sth.,允许做某事；,allow sb. to do sth.,允许某人做某事；,permit doing sth.,允许做某事；,permit sb. to do sth.,允许某人做某事；,forbid doing sth.,禁止做某事；,forbid sb. to do sth.,禁止某人做某事。顺便说一句，要特别注意以上各句型后一结构的被动语态形式，如：,We dont allow smoking in the lab.,我们不准在实验室吸烟。,We dont allow people to smoke in the lab.,我们不准人们在实验室吸烟。,People are not allowed to smoke in the lab.,人们不准在实验室吸烟。综上所述，此题答案应选,C,。,3. He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _ to.,A. spoken B. speaking,C. speak D. be spoken,【分析】A此题容易误选B，认为until 是介词，后接动词时用动名词形式。其实，此题应选A，until spoken to 为 until he is spoken to 之省略。句意“他是个沉默寡言的人，别人不和他说话，他也很少和别人说话。按英语习惯，一些表示时间、地点、条件、方式、 让步等的状语从句，假设其主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包含动词be, 那么可将从句的主语和动词be省略。,4. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.,A. Found B. Founded,C. Founding D. Being founded,【分析】B此题应选B，但容易误选A。比较：find 意为“发现，其过去式和过去分词均为 found；found意为“建立，其过去式和过去分词均为 founded。,5. I found I could easily make myself _ by using sign language.,A. understood B. understand,C. to understand D. being understood,【分析】A但容易误选B，即硬套“make 名词或代词 动词原形这一结构。但是对于该结构同学们忽略了一点，就是该结构中的名词或代词应与其后的动词有逻辑上的主谓关系，而对于此题，myself 与其后的动词 understand 显然不是主谓关系，而是动宾关系，或者说是被动关系，故此时的动词应用过去分词表被动。,
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