Inorganic Nomenclature

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,上一内容,回主目录,返回,下一内容,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,Inorganic,Nomentclature,无机物命名,2024/9/17,Names for Element,（,Periodical Table),Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,元素名称,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,元素周期表在化学学科中占有举足轻重的地位，熟记元素周期表及各元素名称和元素符号是学习化学的基本功。,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,元素符号一般由元素名称的,首字母,大写或,两个字母,(,其中首字母尾大写，第二个字母为小写,),组成。,在前,103,个元素中有,11,个例外，,它们的元素符号是其拉丁词的首字母或几个字母。,Fe,iron,ferrum,2024/9/17,Modern Name,Antimony,Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead,Mercury,Symbol,Sb,Cu,Au,Fe,Pb,Hg,Derivation of Symbol,stibium,cuprum,aurum,ferrum,plumbum,hydrargyrum,Elements with Symbols Not Based on their Modern Names,2024/9/17,Modern Name,Wolfram,Potassium,Silver,Sodium,Stannum,Symbol,W,K,Ag,Na,Sn,Derivation of Symbol,tungsten,kalium,argentum,natrium,tin,Elements with Symbols Not Based on their Modern Names,2024/9/17,了解元素名称的构词规律可快速记忆周期表中的元素，如：,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,金属元素多以,ium,结尾，结合元素符合可迅速记忆下列词汇，共有,62,个，其中有,1,个,为惰性元素，,4,个,准金属元素，,57,个,金属元素。,helium,He,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,金属元素多以,ium,结尾，结合元素符合可迅速记忆下列词汇，共有,62,个，其中有,1,个,为惰性元素，,4,个,准金属元素，,57,个,金属元素。,He,Hel,ium,Ge,German,ium,Se,Selen,ium,Te,Tellur,ium,Ge,German,ium,2024/9/17,Names and Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,Symbol,Name,Symbol,Name,Symbol,Name,H,Hydrogen,Ne,Neon,K,Potass,ium,He,Hel,ium,Na,Sod,ium,Ca,Calc,ium,Li,Lith,ium,Mg,Magnes,ium,Sc,Scand,ium,Be,Beryll,ium,Al,Alum,inum,Ti,Titan,ium,B,Boron,Si,Silicon,V,Vanad,ium,C,Carbon,P,Phosphorus,Cr,Chrom,ium,N,Nitrogen,S,Sulfur,Mn,Manganese,O,Oxygen,Cl,Chlorine,Fe,Iron,F,Fluorine,Ar,Argon,Co,Cobalt,2024/9/17,Names and Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,Symbol,Name,Symbol,Name,Symbol,Name,Ni,Nickel,Pb,Lead,Cd,Cadm,ium,Cu,Copper,Pd,Pallad,ium,Sr,Stront,ium,Zn,Zinc,Ag,Silver,Ba,Bar,ium,Ga,Gall,ium,Au,Gold,Kr,Krypton,Ge,German,ium,Pt,Plat,inum,W,Tunsten,As,Arsenic,Hg,Mercury,Zr,Zircon,ium,Se,Selen,ium,I,Iodine,Br,Bromine,Sn,Tin,2024/9/17,Special English for Applied Chemistry,Pierre,Curie,and Marie,Curie,Alfred Bernhard,Nobel,Enrico,Fermi,Albert,Einstein,curium,nobelium,fermium,einsteinium,科学家的姓氏,Dmitri,Ivanovich,Mendeleev,mendelevium,鋦,锘,镄,锿,钔,2024/9/17,Special English for Applied Chemistry,Ytterby,Terbium,Ytterium,Erbium,伊特比,(,瑞典小镇,),Tb,铽 （,1842,）,Yb,镱 （,1907,）,Er,铒 （,1842,）,以发现地命名,Yttrium,Y,钇 （,1794,）,2024/9/17,Special English for Applied Chemistry,molecule,neutron,ion,nucleon,proton,photon,atom,electron,分子,离子,质子,原子,中子,核子,光子,电子,“微观粒子”,分类记忆法,2024/9/17,Chemical Formulas for Molecules of Elements,Monatomic Molecules,Helium,Neon,Arg,on,Krypt,on,Xen,on,Rad,on,He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn,2024/9/17,Chemical Formulas for Molecules of Elements,Diatomic Molecules,Hydro,gen,Oxy,gen,Nitro,gen,Fluor,ine,Chlor,ine,Iod,ine,H,2,O,2,N,2,F,2,Cl,2,I,2,2024/9/17,Chemical Formulas for Molecules of Elements,Polyatomic Molecules,Phosphorus,Arsenic,Antimony,Sulfur,Selenium,P,4,As,4,Sb,4,S,8,Se,8,2024/9/17,Left upper: mass number;,Left lower: atomic number;,Right upper: ionic charge;,Right lower: number of atoms,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,hydrogen,carbon,oxygen,nitrogen,boron,chlorine,fluorine,iodine,sulfur(sulphur,),phosphorus,calcium,potassium,copper,lead,silver,iron,magnesium,manganese,gold,mercury,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,无机物的命名,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,命名无机物的系统方法认为：,化合物由两部分构成,一部分显正价,一部分显负价。,显正价的部分是金属、氢或其他带正电的基团，首先对它们命名，并写在前面。,显负价的部分是非金属，跟在后面。,用,后缀和前缀,修饰元素的名称以此识别不同类型或种类的化合物。,2024/9/17,1,、命名顺序及英语中各元素的相对位置,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,对金属与非金属元素所构成的化合物,金属元素名称在前，非金属元素在后,非金属元素的名称经修改后以,-,ide,结尾,sodium chloride,iron (II) bromide,protassium,bromide,silver oxide,NaCl,FeBr,2,KBr,Ag,2,O,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,(2),对非金属与非金属元素所构成的化合物,在共价化合物中，根据,元素的电负性,来指定元素的正氧化数和负氧化数。电正性的元素命名在先。,在同一化合物中非金属元素之间，按下列排列顺序先出现的元素写在前面并且先命名。,B, Si, C, P, N, H, S, I, Br,Cl, O, F,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,carbon oxide,sulfur trioxide,nitrogen,tetroxide,hydrogen,idoide,hydrogen chloride,CO,SO,3,N,2,O,4,HI,HCl,2024/9/17,Name of some nonmetal oxides,Systematic name,Old name,Carbon (II) oxide,Carbon,mono,xide,Carbon (IV) oxide,Carbon,di,oxide,Sulfur (IV) oxide,Sulfur,di,oxide,Sulfur (VI) oxide,Sulfur,tri,oxide,Nitrogen (III) oxide,Dinitrogen,tri,oxide,Phosphorous (V) oxide,Diphosphorous,pent,oxide,Chlorine (VII) oxide,Dichlorine,hept,oxide,Formula,CO,CO,2,SO,2,SO,3,N,2,O,3,P,2,O,5,Cl,2,O,7,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,(3),对阳离子与阴离子所构成的化合物,阳离子在前，阴离子在后,ammonium chloride,sodium hydroxide,manganous,hydroxide,NH,4,Cl,NaOH,Mn(OH),2,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,后缀,“-,ide,” ,化物,oxide,氧化物,titanium trioxide,hydroxide,氢氧化物,calcium,hydroxide,TiO,3,Ca(OH),2,fluoride,氟化物,boron fluoride,BF,3,chloride,氯化物,phosphorus,pentachloride,PCl,5,2024/9/17,fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,Names and Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,氟化物,氯化物,溴化物,碘化物,fluorine,chlorine,bromine,iodine,2024/9/17,Silver sulfide,Potassium chloride,Disulfur,dichloride,Ag,2,S,KCl,S,2,Cl,2,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,Calcium bromide,Magnesium nitride,CaBr,2,Mg,3,N,2,2024/9/17,Ammonium chloride,Potassium chloride,ammonia,NH,4,Cl,KCl,NH,3,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,Iodine,monochloride,Hydrogen sulfide,ICl,H,2,S,2024/9/17,Carbon tetrachloride,Dinitrogen,trioxide,Aluminium,chloride,CCl,4,N,2,O,3,AlCl,3,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,Lead () sulfide,Copper () chloride,PbS,CuCl,2024/9/17,exercise,Draw structures for the following compounds,1.Barium chloride 2. calcium hydroxide,3.Phosphorus,trichloride,4.dinitrogen oxide,5.Sulfur hexafluoride 6.alumin(i)um oxide,7.Silicon nitride 8.iron disulfide,9.Lead dioxide 10.nitrogen,pentoxide,11.Potassium fluoride 12.carbon dioxide,13.Sodium hydride 14.phosphorus,tribromide,15.Alumin(i)um hydroxide 16.silver chloride,2024/9/17,2,、元素价态,在命名中的表示,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,Name of compounds,对于金属元素,:,金属元素在化合物中或离子状态的氧化价态用,括号加相应的价态罗马数字,表示。,Fe,2,iron (II) ion,Ba,2+,barium (II) ion,Cu,copper (I) ion,Cu,2+,copper (II) ion,2024/9/17,Zinc chloride,Copper,(II),chloride,Lead,(II),oxide,ZnCl,2,CuCl,2,PbO,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,Mercury oxide,Lithium hydroxide,HgO,LiOH,2024/9/17,No numeral,is used if the metal has only,one,common oxidation number.,Monovalent, divalent, trivalent, etc.,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,NaCl,Al(OH),3,FeBr,2,Cr,2,(SO,4,),3,sodium chloride,aluminum hydroxide,iron (II) bromide,chromium (III) sulfate,2024/9/17,FeCl,2,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,(2),对于金属元素,:,如果不用罗马数字表明其价态，也可用离子的名称表示，即常常在,词尾,上区别高氧化价态和低氧化价态。,ferr,ous,chloride (iron (II) chloride),ferr,ic,chloride (iron (III) chloride),FeCl,3,2024/9/17,stann,ous,chloride,stannum,(II) chloride,stann,ic,chloride,stannum,() chloride,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,ous,低氧化价态,ic,高氧化价态,SnCl,2,SnCl,4,2024/9/17,3,、用数字词头表示,化学式中的元素计量比例,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,(1),mono- (,mon,-);,(2),di,-;,(3),tri-;,(4),tetra-;,(5),penta,-;,(6),hexa,-;,(7),hepta,;,(8),octa,-;,(9),nona,-;,(10),deca,-,.,2024/9/17,Name of some nonmetal oxides,Formula,CO,Carbon (II) oxide,Carbon monoxide,CO,2,Carbon (IV) oxide,Carbon dioxide,SO,2,Sulfur (IV) oxide,Sulfur dioxide,SO,3,Sulfur (VI) oxide,Sulfur trioxide,N,2,O,3,Nitrogen (III) oxide,Dinitrogen,trioxide,P,2,O,5,Phosphorous (V) oxide,Diphosphorous,pentoxide,Cl,2,O,7,Chlorine (VII) oxide,Dichlorine,heptoxide,2024/9/17,potassium chloride,magnesium nitride,magnesium hydroxide,hydrogen sulfide,carbon tetrachloride,dinitrogen,trioxide,Copper (II) chloride,lead () sulfide,Lead (II) oxide,copper () chloride,sulfur trioxide,hydrogen,idoide,exercise,2024/9/17,13,、,sodium chloride,14,、,protassium,bromide,15,、,carbon monoxide,16,、,nitrogen,tetroxide,17,、,hydrogen chloride,18,、,sulfur dioxide,19,、,diphosphorous,pentoxide,20,、,dichlorine,heptoxide,21,、,magnesium nitride,22,、,aluminium,chloride,23,、,iron (II) bromide,24,、,silver oxide,exercise,2024/9/17,25,、,nitrate ion,26,、,zinc chloride,27,、,lead (II) oxide,28,、,aluminum hydroxide,29,、,chromium (III) sulfate,30,、,ferrous chloride,31,、,iron (II) chloride,32,、,iron (III) chloride,33,、,ferric chloride,34,、,triiodide,ion,exercise,2024/9/17,35,、,dinitrogen,trioxide,36,、,sodium hydroxide,37,、,hydrogen peroxide,38,、,manganous,hydroxide,39,、,calcium hydroxide,40,、,phosphorus,pentachloride,41,、,calcium hydroxide,42,、,ferric hydroxide,43,、,boron fluoride,44,、,silver sulfide,exercise,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,4,、离子在命名中的表示,2024/9/17,单原子阳离子,：,给出相应的元素名称即可,Cu,+,copper (I) ion,Cu,2+,copper (II) ion,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,对于阳离子,单原子阳离子,2024/9/17,1+,Ammonium NH,4,+,Copper (I),Cu,+,Hydrogen,H,+,Potassium,K,+,Silver,Ag,+,Sodium,Na,+,Some Common Ions (,Cation,),2+,Barium,Ba,2+,Calcium,Ca,2+,Chromium (II) Cr,2+,Copper (II) Cu,2+,Iron (II),Fe,2+,Lead,Pb,2+,2+,Magnesium Mg,2+,Manganese,(II) Mn,2+,Mercury(II) Hg,2+,Mercury(I) Hg,+,Tin(II),Sn,2+,Zinc,Zn,2+,3+,Aluminum Al,3+,Chromium,(III) Cr,3+,Iron (III),Fe,3+,2024/9/17,多原子阳离子,：,先写成自由基的名称,然后加上,cation,NO,+,(NO-,亚硝酰基,),nitrosyl,cation,NO,2,2+,(NO,2,-,硝酰基,),nitryl,cation,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,多原子阳离子,2024/9/17,命名时去掉词尾“,ion”,或”,-,ine,”,，然后加上,“,onium,”,NH,4,+,amine,amm,onium,PH,4,+,phosphine,phosphonium,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,含有质子的多,原子阳离子,2024/9/17,通常以元素名称后缀,”-,ide,”,然后加上“,ion”,F,-,fluor,ide,ion,O,2-,ox,ide,ion,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,（,2,） 对于阴离子,单原子阴离子,2024/9/17,a),不含氧的多原子阴离子,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,OH,-,hydroxide ion,CN,-,cyanide ion,I,3,-,triiodide,ion,S,2,2-,disulfide ion,多,原子阴离子,2024/9/17,b),含氧的多原子阴离子,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,ite,中心元素的氧化态较低,ate,中心元素的氧化态较高,NO,2,-,nitrite,NO,3,-,nitrate,ClO,2,-,chlorite,ClO,3,-,chlorate,2024/9/17,5,、三元含氧酸的表示,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,ous,中心元素的氧化态较低,ic,中心元素的氧化态较高,nitrous acid,nitric acid,HNO,2,HNO,3,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,ous,中心元素的氧化态较低,ic,中心元素的氧化态较高,nitrite ion,nitrate ion,ite,中心元素的氧化态较低,ate,中心元素的氧化态较高,NO,2,-,NO,3,-,nitr,ous acid,nitr,ic acid,HNO,2,HNO,3,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,chlorite ion,chlorate ion,chloro,us,acid,chlor,ic,acid,HClO,2,HClO,3,ClO,2,-,ClO,3,-,2024/9/17,H,3,PO,4,phospho,ric,acid PO,4,-,Phosph,ate,H,3,PO,3,phospho,r,ous,acid PO,3,3-,phosph,ite,H,2,SO,4,sulfu,r,ic,acid SO,4,2-,sulf,ate,H,2,SO,3,sulfu,r,ous,acid SO,3,2-,sulf,ite,Names of some acids and acid ions,2024/9/17,HClO,4,per,chlor,ic,acid,ClO,4,-,per,chlor,ate,HClO,3,chlor,ic,acid ClO,3,-,chlor,ate,HClO,2,chlor,ous,acid ClO,2,-,chlor,ite,HClO,hypo,chlor,ous,acid,ClO,-,hypo,chlor,ite,Names of some acids and acid ions,2024/9/17,H,2,CO,3,: carbonic acid; CO,3,2-,: carbonate,HNO,3,: nitric acid NO,3,-,: nitrate,HNO,2,: nitrous acid; NO,2,-,: nitrite,Names of some acids and acid ions,当一种元素只有唯一的一种氧化态时，例如碳在碳酸盐中，用,ate,结尾。,2024/9/17,ferric sulfate,ferrous sulfite,ferric sulfite,ferrous sulfate,Fe,2,(SO,4,),3,Fe,SO,3,Fe,2,(SO,3,),3,FeSO,4,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,3-,2-,1-,1-,Arsena,te,AsO,4,3-,Carbonate CO,3,2-,Acetate C,2,H,3,O,2,-,Hydrogen sulfite HSO,3,-,Arseni,te,AsO,3,3-,Chromate CrO,4,2-,Bromide Br,-,Hydride H,-,Phosph,ate,PO,4,3-,Dichromate Cr,2,O,7,2-,Chlor,ate,ClO,3,-,Hydroxide OH,-,Phosph,ite,PO,3,3-,Oxalate C,2,O,4,2-,Chlor,ide,Cl,-,Hypochlorite,ClO,-,Oxide O,2-,Chlor,ite,ClO,2,-,Iodate,IO,3,-,Sulf,ide,S,2-,Cyanide CN,-,Nitrate NO,3,-,Sulf,ate,SO,4,2-,Fluoride F,-,Nitrite NO,2,-,Sulf,ite,SO,3,2-,Hydrogen carbonate HCO,3,-,Perchlorate,ClO,4,-,Some Common Ions (Anion),2024/9/17,HClO,4,per,chlor,ic,acid,ClO,4,-,per,chlorate,HClO,3,chlor,ic,acid ClO,3,-,chlor,ate,HClO,2,chlor,ous,acid ClO,2,-,chlor,ite,HClO,hypo,chlor,ous,acid,ClO,-,hypo,chlorite,Names of some acids and acid ions,当氧化数比,ic,酸的氧化数更高时，,per,放在词干名称前,当氧化数比,ous,酸的氧化数更低时，,hypo,放在词干名称前,2024/9/17,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,卤素元素相应名词,fluorine,chlorine,bromine,iodine,fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,fluoro,-,chloro,-,bromo,-,iodo,-,fluorate,chlorate,bromate,iodate,卤素,卤化物,卤代,卤酸盐,2024/9/17,exercise,Draw structures for the following compounds,1.barium sulfate 2.calcium carbonate,3.mercuric nitrate,4.ferric sulfate,5.mercurous nitrate 6.ferrous sulfite,7.hydrogen peroxide 8.hydrogen ion,9.sodium phosphate 10.lead nitrate,11.potassium nitrate 12.silver chlorate,2024/9/17,exercise,Draw structures for the following compounds,13.potassium nitrite 14.silver hypochlorite,15.sodium sulfate 16.sodium sulfite,17.sodium nitrate 18.sodium nitrite,19.potassium sulfate 20.potassium sulfite,21.ferric sulfate 22.ferrous sulfite,23.ferric sulfite 24.ferrous sulfate,2024/9/17,sulfur(sulphur,),phosphorus,potassium,Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature,2024/9/17,