可持续发展旅游课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The Sustainable Tourism,可持续发展旅游,UNIT 15,Learning objects:,学习目标,Based on tourism system (Leipers model), explain the reasons why the sustainable should be adopted in the large-scale and dominant tourism industry,参照旅游系统（模型），解释为什么要在大规模和占主导地位的旅游业中开展可持续发展旅游,Appreciate the emergence of the new travelers as an important market segment and the main characteristics of new travelers,领会新旅游者成为市场细分的重要性，以及新旅游者的主要特征,Cite the sustainable practices taken by larger corporations in tourism industry,列举旅游业中较大的旅游公司采取的可持续发展的措施,Learning objects:,学习目标,Understand the business ethics code and the social practices taken by tourism sectors to promote sustainable tourism,了解商业伦理道德和旅游业为推动可持续发展旅游所采取的社会责任的举措,Appreciate the forms of new tourism and its application in the world,了解新旅游的各种形态以及在世界各地的运用情况,Differentiate the characteristics of unsustainable mass tourism and deliberate alternative tourism,区分不可持续发展的大众旅游与有计划的替代旅游的不同特征,Learning objects:,学习目标,Ability goals:,能力目标,Case study:,案例分析：,生存还是毁灭：大堡礁海洋公园的未来,Reading Box:,阅读分析：,New Tourism,新旅游,1.,坚持可持续发展旅游的背景,掠夺性的开发旅游资源,粗放式的旅游管理,旅游设施的病态扩张,旅游对环境的破坏随处可见,littering,游客环境保护意识淡薄,graffiti,2.,什么是可持续发展旅游？,简言之，可持续发展即是指既满足当代人的需要，又能保证后代人需求的发展。,Sustainable development is development that aims to meet the needs of the present while ensuring that future generations will have the ability to meet their own needs.,在国外，比较权威的可持续旅游的定义有两个定义。,一是世界旅游组织,WTO,的定义。,1993,年世界旅游组织出版了,旅游与环境,丛书，其中,旅游业可持续发展地方旅游指南,一书对旅游可持续发展给出的定义是：,“指在维持文化完整、保持生态环境的同时，满足人们对经济、社会和审美的要求。它能为今天的主人和客人们提供生计，又能保护和增进后代人的利益并为其提供同样的机会。”,这一定义是对旅游可持续理念的进一步总结，不仅指出了旅游业本身的特质，而且提出了“主人”和“客人”，代际公平发展的思想对旅游可持续发展的国际认定具有重要的指导意义。,二是,1995,年,可持续旅游发展宪章,中所指出的：,“可持续旅游发展的实质，就是要求旅游与自然、文化和人类生存环境成为一个整体”，,即旅游、资源、人类生存环境三者的统一，以形成一种旅游业与社会经济、资源、环境良性协调的发展模式。,结合中外各种解释，旅游可持续发展可定义为：,在满足当代旅游者和旅游地居民各种需要的同时，又保持和增进未来发展的机会，实现经济目标和社会目标的统一。,The concept of sustainable tourism suggests “economic growth is only acceptable if it can maintain, at a minimum, the stock of tourist assets from one generation to another”.,可持续发展定义的进一步解读,3.,实施可持续发展旅游的有利条件,新型旅游者市场不断增长,Growth of the new traveler market,可持续性的益处,Profitability of sustainability,大公司采取可持续性策略的适用性,Suitability of larger corporations,to adopt sustainable practices,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.1 Growth of the,new traveler,market,It is possible for the new traveler to emerge as the most important tourist market and gradually replace the conventional mass tourists.,As a result, tourism businesses will have to develop along a more sustainable way; otherwise, they would not survive. Even if this is not the case, to capture this high-spending and growing market is still most beneficial to tourism businesses.,Characteristics of the new travelers,Green consumer,Sensitive to local cultures,Conscious of social justice concerns,More independent-minded and discerning,Knowledgeable about environmental issues,Prefers flexible and spontaneous itineraries,Carefully assesses tourism products in advance,In search of authentic and meaningful experiences,Wishes to have a positive impact on the destination,Motivated by a desire for self-fulfillment and learning,Searches for physically and mentally challenging experiences,3.2 Profitability of sustainability,Besides a market concern which encourages tourism businesses to focus on sustainability, another major stimulus for this focus is that many related activities are, by their own nature, profitable.,For example, just like the recycling of certain kinds of materials, reducing energy consumption is another way to save cost directly. To improve the employees,morale often results from such reforms.,3.3 Suitability of larger corporations to adopt sustainable practices,Sustainable tourism measures can be better implemented in larger corporations because of their size. Such businesses can raise enough funds to support those specialized jobs working at sustainability-related issues such as environmental officer, community relations officer. They can also support relevant staff training, public education programs and comprehensive environmental audits. What,s more, recycling and reduction programs can be carried out efficiently with the lowest possible.,大公司的适用性,资金充足,理念领先,较大的收益,规模巨大,遵循的原则,环境限制性原则,综合效益最大化原则,自然资本的原则,公平的原则,道德伦理原则,4.,实现可持续发展遵循的原则,可持续性旅游的益处,提高道德水准,树立良好形象,带来较高收益,5.,实现旅游可持续发展的目标,保护未来旅游开发赖以存在的环境质量,改善旅游接待地区的生活质量,促进旅游的公平发展,增进人们对旅游所产生的环境影响与经济影响的理解，强化人们的生态意识,向旅游者提供高质量的旅游经历,衡量实现旅游可持续,发,展目标的指标,6.,实现可持续旅游发展的途径,重视科学技术在可持续旅游发展战略中的作用,加强法规建设,积极开展教育和培训，提高公众的环境意识,借助与各种富有哲学思想的旅游方式来加以实现,1,2,3,4,在旅游发展过程中强调各种利益平衡,5,案例分析,大堡礁公园的未来,案例研究,生存还是毁灭,1.,概况介绍,大堡礁（,Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia,）是世界上最大最长的珊瑚区，是世界七大自然景观之一，也是澳大大利亚亚人最引以为自豪的天然景观。又称为“透明清澈的海中野生王国”。,地理位置,大堡礁位于澳大利亚的昆土兰州以东，巴布亚湾与南回归线之间的热带海域，太平洋珊瑚海西部，绵延于澳大利亚东北海岸外的大陆架上，北面从托雷斯海峡起，向南直到弗雷泽岛附近，沿澳大利亚东北海岸线绵延,2000,余千米，东西宽,20,240,千米。大堡礁由三千个不同阶段的珊瑚礁、珊瑚岛、沙洲和泻湖组成，蔚为奇观。这个世界上景色最美、规模最大的珊瑚礁群，总面积达,20.7,万平方千米（另一资料：总面积达,8,万平方公里）,水域,大堡礁水域共约有大小岛屿,600,多个，其中以绿岛、丹客岛、磁石岛、海伦岛、哈米顿岛、琳德曼岛、蜥蜴岛、芬瑟岛等较为有名。大堡礁的一部分岛屿，其实是淹在海中的山脉顶峰。俯瞰大堡礁，犹如在汹涌澎湃的大海上绽放的碧绿的宝石一般。这些各有特色的岛屿现都已开辟为旅游区，每年都会吸引无数的游客。,海 域,气候,大堡礁属热带气候，主要受南半球气流控制。由于这里自然条件适宜，无大风大浪，成了多种鱼类的栖息地，而在那里不同的月份还能看到不同的水生珍稀动物，让游客大饱眼福。,居民,除土著人以外，白澳大利亚人也散居在附近岛屿。这里旅游业十分发达，并成为重要的经济来源。从古至今，大堡礁特别是它的北部区域，对居住在西北岸土著人和托雷斯岛屿居民的文化产生了重要的影响，此外，还有供人观赏的石画艺术馆和,30,多处著名的历史遗址，最早可追溯到,1791,年。,历史,大堡礁形成于中新世时期，距今已,2500,万年的历史。它的面积还在不断扩大。它是上次冰河时期后，海面上升到现在位置之后一万年来形成的。 大堡礁堪称地球上最美的“装饰品”，像一颗闪着天蓝、靛蓝、蔚蓝和纯白色光芒的明珠，即使在月球上远望也清晰可见。但是，当初首次目睹大堡礁的欧洲人未以丰富的词汇来描述它的美丽，颇令人费解这些欧洲人大部分是海员，可能他们脑子里想的是其他事情而忽略了大自然的美景。,历 史,1606,年，西班牙人托雷斯在昆士兰北端受到暴风雨袭击，驶过托雷斯海峡（此海峡以他的姓氏命名）到过这里。,1770,年，英国船“努力”号在礁石和大陆之间搁浅，撞了个大洞，船长库克曾滞留于此。,1789,年布莱船长率领“邦提”号上忠于他的船员驶过激流翻滚的礁石来到了平静的水面。,“努力”号船上的植物学家班克斯看到大堡礁时惊讶不已。船修好后，他写道：“我们刚刚经过的这片礁石在欧洲和世界其他地方都是从未见过的，但在这儿见到了，这是一堵珊瑚墙，矗立在这深不可测的海洋里。”班克斯看到的大堡礁的“珊瑚墙”，是地球上最大的活珊瑚体。这在世界上是独一无二的。,2009,年初，澳大利亚昆士兰旅游局向全球招聘大堡礁“护岛人”，平均每周只需工作,12,小时，半年薪水,15,万澳元（约合人民币,65,万元）,2.,世界上最好的工作,世界上最好的工作,美丽的大堡礁,1979,年被辟为海洋公园,1981,年被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录,世界水域七大奇观,世界十大潜水胜地之一,世界上最长最大的活珊瑚礁群,有“透明清澈的海中野生王国”之美誉,百变珊瑚,百变珊瑚,海洋生物,海洋生物,3.,大堡礁的黑色未来,“珊瑚礁将成为世界上第一个崩溃的生态系统”！,2050,年，大堡礁可能消失,倒计时中,“珊瑚礁将成为世界上第一个崩溃的生态系统”！,这张资料照片展示了澳大利亚,东北海岸大堡礁一部分被破坏,变黑的珊瑚礁。,最乐观的估计，到本世纪中期，,大堡礁的珊瑚将只剩不到,5,。,即使未来环境好转，大堡礁,也需,50,至,100,年才能恢复旧貌。,大堡礁消失原因分析,黑色未来,3,过度捕捞,1,气候变暖,4,径流水质低劣,2,海洋污染,气候变化,Contents01,Contents02,Contents03,Contents04,Contents05,Contents06,0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%,18.5%,17.5%,8.7%,23.6%,63.6%,84.3%,ThemeGallery,is a,Design,Digital Content & Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,4.,拯救大堡礁,可持续发展旅游,可持续发展：,在满足当代旅游者和旅游地居民各种需要的同时，又保持和增进未来发展的机会，实现经济目标和社会目标的统一。,环境限制性,综合效益最大化,公平,道德伦理,A,B,C,D,自然资本,怎样去做？,政府,旅游企业,游客,制定法规,掌控可持续旅游全局,落实国家政策,发展新型旅游,遵守管理规定,提高个人素质,A.,设立保护区,这张资料照片展示了澳大利亚东北海岸大堡礁中两块巨大珊瑚礁的俯瞰景象。,12,月,3,日，澳大利亚政府公布计划，使大堡礁海域为世界上最大的珊瑚礁保护区。（来源：新华网）,4.1,大堡礁环境保护措施,B.,禁止过度的经济活动,C.,限制游人数量,4.2,大堡礁的管理体制,分区管理,合作管理,计划管理,公众参与,法律法规,分区管理,商业旅游区,商业捕捞区,资源保护区,将不同的地方划为不同的地区，尽最大的可能将经济利益最大化，也尽可能的保护环境，不因人类活动而影响到珊瑚礁的生活。,合作管理,合作管理,有关资源的使用者都参与公园管理，管理不再只是政府的事情。,旅行社的导游：也是当地的环境监测员。如果发现某处水域的水质变差，找到了新的海底生物，或看到某个景区的游人过多，他们都有责任及时向管理当局报告，管理局会立即采取相应措施。,计划管理,结果管理,关爱我们的故乡,前景报告,25,年战略计划,举措,公众参与,教育情报处，该处的职责是提高公众对大堡礁、海洋公园和公园局的了解、欣赏、经历和支持，该处负责提出建议、提供教育、租情报材料以及服务。,法律法规,大堡礁海洋公园法,（,1975,）,昆士兰海洋公园法,（,1990,）,环境管理消费税,（,1993,）,一般环境管理费,（,1993,）,大堡礁地区条例,（,1999,）,大堡礁海洋公园条例,（,2000,）,环境保护和生物多样性保护法,（,1999,）。,澳大利亚执法十分严格，体现了法律法规的严肃性，在著名的大堡礁绿岛公园，游客不许带走任何自然物体,(,包括贝壳,),，违者将被处以高额罚款。,5.,学以致用看中国,三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区,三亚珊瑚礁保护区，位于三亚市鹿回头半岛沿岸、东西瑁洲、牙龙湾海域，海陆总面积为,8500,公顷，其保护对象为珊瑚礁及由珊瑚礁构成的典型热带海洋生态系统与海洋生物物种。,积极的公众参与,健全的法律法规体系,成熟高效的管理体制,合理的管理手段,大堡礁海洋公园管理经验借鉴,严密完整的管理计划,为全球海洋保护加油！,三亚珊瑚礁自然能保护区,中国南海群岛,澳大利亚大堡礁,可持续发展,生态平衡,新旅游,制定法规,保护资源,环境保护,提高能效,我国实施可持续发展旅游采取的措施,我国是一个旅游大国,我国是一个旅游大国，,旅游的可持续发展具,有重要的战略意义。,大堡礁启示录,Thank You !,生态旅游,Ecotourism,绿色旅游,Green Tourism,软旅游,Soft Tourism,替代旅游,Alternative Tourism,New Tourism,阅读与分析,即学即用：,可引用一案例进行分析,综观国内外现有关于生态旅游的各种定义，大致可以概,括为两大类：,一是从旅游产品分类的角度来认识，认为,生态旅游只是众多旅游形式中的一种，是为满足少数人,特殊兴趣爱好和需求而专门开发设计的特殊旅游产品，,并因此而将生态旅游与大众旅游对立起来；,二是从旅游资,源的开发和利用的角度来认识，认为生态旅游应该是在旅,游资源的开发和利用方面达到可持续发展的有效手段和途,径。从全球已有的生态旅游实践来看，这些关于生态旅游内,涵的认识都是不够充分和全面的。,1.,生态旅游,Ecotourism,Ecotourism: a responsible travel in which the visitor is aware of and takes into account the effects of this or her actions on both the host culture and environment.,生态旅游：一种有责任感的旅游。游客要充分认识到自己的行为会给东道主的文化及环境造成影响，并在旅游时充分考虑这些影响。,2.,绿色旅游,Green Tourism,定义：广义上指具有亲近环境或环保的各类旅游产品及服务。,定义：是一个灵活的、可操作的结构体系。在这个体系中，行为规范的个体旅游者或小旅游团体选择对环境影响小的交通方式旅游。,3.,软旅游,Soft Tourism,4.,替代旅游,Alternative Tourism,定义：一种可以在所有参与者之间达成谅解、团结以及平等 的恰当旅游形式。,替代旅游面面观,A,B,C,D,替代旅游是旅游者直接住在当地居民家中，并在居民家中获取其他服务和设施的一种旅游形式。,替代旅游是旅游者和当地人之间的接触和沟通、对平等的渴望、对个性的追求、对环境的意识和关注的旅游形式。,替代旅游是基于“实现自我”的需求心理，目的性特别突出的非大众旅游形式，旅游的生态原则是贯穿各种产品链的主线。,替代旅游是为不同社区的成员提供一种适宜的旅游形式的活动，寻求的是旅游相关利益者的相互了解和团结平等。,二种形式的替代旅游,Two kinds of alternative tourism,CAT,即兴替代旅游,DAT,有计划的替代旅游,Circumstantial alternative tourism,Deliberate alternative tourism,4.1 Circumstantial alternative tourism,(,即兴旅游,CAT),Circumstantial alternative tourism (CAT) and deliberate alternative tourism (DAT) are two types of alternative tourism.,CAT refers to the superficial and unintentional practice of alternative tourism in the destination, which can be judged from its associated characteristics.,These characteristics reflect that the destination is just experiencing the first two stages of the Butler sequence-the exploration and the involvement stage.,4.2 Deliberate alternative tourism,(,替代旅游,DAT),Deliberate alternative tourism (DAT) is the tourism under administrative controls which retreat to the backstage.,CAT destination is possible to go astray and develop along an unsustainable path, while,a DAT destination can better maintain a sustainable, low intensity tourism option under the guidance and control of specific policies .,DAT,可控制的,可持续发,展旅游,CAT,比较随意,有可能影响,可持续旅游,CAT,与,DAT,比较,5.,新型旅游者,New Travelers,1.,尊重当地文化。,2.,与当地居民交朋友。,3.,在旅行中谦虚好学。,4.,有节奏地旅行并伴以观察和思索。,5.,尊重、欣赏以及赞美旅游资源和吸引物。,6.,实现令人满意的旅游经历，同时不对当地遗产造成破坏。,Sensitive to local cultures,Conscious of social justice concerns,02,03,More independent-minded and discerning,04,05,Knowledgeable about environmental issues,06,Prefers flexible and spontaneous itineraries,新型旅游者的特征,Green consumer,01,07,Carefully assesses tourism products in advance,09 Wishes to have a positive impact on the destination,10. Motivated by a desire for self-fulfillment and,learning,11. Searches for physically and mentally challenging experiences,08 In search of authentic and meaningful experiences,新型旅游者的特征,新型旅游者的特征,Characteristics of new travelers,拥有社会正义感,对当地文化很敏感,绿色消费者,灵活自然的行程路线,环境知识丰富,独立意识和洞察力,寻找能带来挑战的经历,预先评估旅游产品,寻找有意义自然的经历,希望带来正面影响,容易被学习欲望激发,Discussion:,What other characteristics do the new travelers have?,A comparative study of mass tourism and alternative tourism,Some researchers clearly pointed out the problems brought about by mass tourism, and began to provide,alternative options,in the early 1980s. It was argued that mass tourism was full of problems and could be replaced by small-scale alternatives in most cases. Therefore,the alternative tourism,was thought of as substitute for mass tourism rather than other types of tourism.,A comparative study of mass tourism and alternative tourism,CHARACTERISTICS,UNSUSTAINABLE MASS,TOURISM,DDELIBERATE ALTERNATIVE,TTOURISM,Markets,Segment,Phychocentric-midcentric,Allocentric-midcentric,Volume and mode,High; package tours,Low; individual arrangements,Seasonality,Distinct high and low seasons,No distinct seasonality,origins,A few dominant markets,No dominant markets,Attractions,Emphasis,Highly commercialized,Moderately commercialized,Character,Generic,contrived,Area specific,authentic,Orientation,Tourists only or mainly,Tourists and locals,Accommodation,Size,Large scale,Small scale,Spatial pattern,Concentrated in,tourist areas,Dispersed throughout area,Density,High density,Low density,Architecture,international,style; obtrusive,Non-sympathetic,Vernacular style, unobtrusive,complementary,Ownership,Non-local, large corporations,Local, small businesses,Economic status,Role of tourism,Dominates local economy,Complements existing activity,Linkages,Mainly external,Mainly internal,Leakages,Extensive,Minimal,Multiplier,Low,High,Regulation,Control,Non-local private sector,Local,community,Amount,Minimal; to facilitate private,sector,Extensive; to minimize local,Negative impacts,Ideology,Free market forces,Public intervention,Emphasis,Economic growth, profits;,Sector-specific,Community stability and,Wellbeing; integrated, holistic,Timeframe,Short term,Long term,PK,Mass,Tourism,Alternative,Tourism,思考：新旅游能否代替大众旅游？,This chapter has discussed the emergence of the new travelers as an important market segment and the importance of sustainable development of tourism industry. Tourism sectors must observe the business ethics codes; and social practices should be enforced, too. Both governments and tourism sectors play a key role on promoting the sustainable tourism. Public education and comprehensive environmental audits, recycling and reduction programs, community improvement schemes, and job opportunities that give priority to local residents are important practices that secure the sustainable development of tourism. Alternative tourism is a kind of new tourism that is quite different from the unsustainable mass tourism. At present, various forms of new tourism has been put into practice, and the new travelers market has become more popular and more profitable in the world.,Chapter Review,Part I Text,第一部分 课文,Exercise,1. Fill in the blanks with proper words to complete the following statements.,harmony; sustainable; release; mass; eliminate; criteria; beneficial; effective,Attention hadn,t been paid to this idea before the _ of the Brundtland Report entitled Our Common Future in 1987, even though this term was already being used in the early 1980s.,(2) Once sustainable tourism is properly defined, we should set up some _ to determine whether the tourism is sustainable or not.,(3) Considering the fact that mass tourism takes up the majority of the world,s tourism market, the connection between sustainable tourism and _ tourism is reasonably a more important issue.,release,criteria,issue,(4) It is justifiable to adopt _ practices within the large-scale, dominant tourism industry.,(5) Even if this is not the case, to capture this high-spending and growing market is still most _ to tourism businesses.,(6) In addition, if the community relations can develop positively, the host and the tourist will be able to live in _ with each other.,(7) Sustainable tourism is a (n) _ way adopted by tourism sectors for long-term benefits.,(8) The continuing and rapid growth of tourism has brought too much pressure on the world,s resources and makes it necessary to adopt sustainable development to _ the growing negative impact on the planet.,sustainable,beneficial,harmony,effective,eliminate,2. Questions for discussion,(,参见国家双语示范课程,旅游学概论,网站：“网络课堂,),According to the Brundtland Report,what is sustainable development?,Sustainable development is development that aims to meet the needs of the present while ensuring that future generations will have the ability to meet their own needs.,(2) Why should the tourism industry focus on,the new travelers?,The tourism industry has been aware of the significance of the new traveler in the tourist market and is sure that the new traveler market will grow rapidly during the next few decades whether it is measured by comparing with other tourist markets or not. If society is indeed attaching much importance to environmental protection while furthering the development, then it is possible for the new traveler to emerge as the most important tourist market and gradually replace the conventional mass tourists. As a result, tourism businesses will have to develop along a more sustainable way; otherwise, they would not survive. Even if this is not the case, to capture this high-spending and growing market is still most beneficial to tourism businesses.,(3) What are the main characteristics of the,new travelers?,1. Green consumer; 2. Sensitive to local cultures; 3. Conscious of social justice concerns; 4. More independent-minded and discerning; 5. Knowledgeable about environmental issues; 6. Prefers flexible and spontaneous itineraries; 7. Carefully assesses tourism products in advance; 8. In search of authentic and meaningful experiences; 9. Wishes to have a positive impact on the destination; 10. Motivated by a desire for self-fulfillment and learning; 11. Searches for physically and mentally challenging experiences.,(4) Why can sustainable tourism measures,be better implemented in larger corporations?,Sustainable tourism measures can be better implemented in larger corporations because of their size. Such businesses can raise enough funds to support those specialized jobs working at sustainability-related issues such as environmental officer, community relations officer. They can also support relevant staff training, public education programs and comprehensive environmental audits. What,s more, recycling and reduction programs can be carried out efficiently with the lowest possible cost because of the high levels of resource and energy consumption. At the same time, the extensively integrated structures of the company allow it to organize its sustainability efforts in a harmonious way through its broad linkages.,(5) What sustainable practices have been adopted,by the tourism industry?,Sustainable corporate practices in the tourism sector encompass environmental, societal and organizational categories. Waste reduction involving such components as garbage, sewage, water, packaging and atmospheric emissions is one of the common environmental practices. Some waste products can be recycled, such as metals, glass, paper and plastics, while other materials can be re-used, like the almost unused bars of soap left in hotel rooms.,Besides these, various tourism companies have adopted many other environmental measures such as applying natural substitutes to reduce the use of pesticides, the use of,“,naturalization,”,techniques to beautify corporate grounds, and the use of organic foodstuffs and support for local or national conservation programs. As far as energy conservation is concerned, accommodations can use exhaust heat from its absorption chiller to heat the swimming pool, etc. Another important sustainable practice is social practices because sustainability can be applied not only in the natural environment but also in other aspects. Many measures can be taken such as donation to local charities, establishment of scholarships and community improvement schemes, managerial positions of tourism sectors that give priority to local residents, designs that take into consideration the harmonious co-existence of architecture and local styles, and policies that give special consideration to local suppliers of goods.,旅游知识测试,正误判断：请在正确的选题上划，错误的选题上划,。,1.,旅游可持续发展系统由旅游经济系统、旅游生态系统、旅游社会文化系统、旅游支持保障系统等具有不同属性的子系统构成，是旅游经济、社会文化、资源环境等因素耦合而成的复杂系统。,2.,由于旅游产业具有明确的经济属性，而实现社会福利或实际纯收入的最大化是所有经济活动的最高目标，因此旅游可持续发展的中心原则是经济发展的持续性。,3.,“可持续发展”的核心词是“发展”，而“发展”必须建立在环境、经济和社会三者和谐统一的基础上，只有这样的发展观才是可持续的发展观，这与科学发展观的核心要旨是高度统一的。,4.,旅游发展要切实满足地方现实的经济发展需要，为旅游者提供高质量的旅游体验，因此地方政府和旅游企业是旅游可持续发展的主体，旅游者不是旅游可持续发展的主要责任人。,5.,道德伦理原则是可持续发展的重大问题，其中基于对人类自然的道德关怀的环境伦理观和基于生物多样性的公平性是其核心内容之一。道德观念应成为人与自然和谐的指导原则。,Part IV Reading Box,第四部分 阅读与分析,New Tourism,Topic discussion,(,参见国家双语示范课程,旅游学概论,网站：“网络课堂,),1. What is alternative tourism?,The alternative tourism was thought of as substitute for ma