岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学课件

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth 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level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,岩体力学,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Mar , 2007,*,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,1,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,岩石的变形,是指岩石在物理因素作用下形状和大小的变化。工程上最常研究由于外力（例如在岩石上建造大坝）作用引起的变形或在岩石中开挖引起的变形。岩石的变形对工程建（构）筑物的安全和使用影响很大，因为当岩石产生较大位移时，建（构）筑物内部应力可能大大增加，因此研究岩石的变形在岩石工程中有着重要意义。,岩石在单轴压缩状态下的应力,应变曲线,反复加载与卸载条件下岩石的变形特性,三轴压缩状态下岩石的变形特征,真三轴压缩试验的应力,应变曲线,岩石的各向异性,美国,MTS,公司电液闭路伺服控制岩石试验机,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,2,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,3,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,在,OA,区段内，曲线稍微向上弯曲，属于压密阶段，这期间岩石中初始的微裂隙受压闭合；,在,AB,区段内，接近于直线，近似于线弹性工作阶段；,BC,区段内，曲线向下弯曲，属于非弹性阶段，主要是在平行于荷载方向开始逐渐生成新的微裂隙以及裂隙的不稳定，,B,点是岩石从弹性转变为非弹性的转折点；,下降段,CD,，为破坏阶段，,C,点的纵坐标就是单轴抗压强度，,D,点为残余强度（靠碎块间的摩擦力承载）。,刚性压力机单调加载,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,4,Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,低碳钢拉伸应力,应变曲线,颈缩,屈服,强化,弹性,混凝土棱柱体受压,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,5,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,线弹性,完全弹性,弹塑性,岩石的应力,应变关系是曲线，,存在一一对应关系。,卸载曲线不走加载曲线的路线，,应变也不恢复到原点。,塑性变形（残余变形或永久变形）：不可恢复的变形,弹性变形：能恢复的变形,滞回效应,（,hysteresis,）,与时间无关 只从变形能否恢复的角度,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,6,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,弹性模量,(,modulus of elasticity,),：加载曲线直线段的斜率，加载曲线直线段大致与卸载曲线的割线相平行。,变形模量,(,modulus of deformation,),：取决于总的变形量，即弹性变形与塑性变形之和，它是正应力与总的正应变之比，它相应于割线,OP,的斜率。,切线模量就是曲线上的切线的斜率；,割线模量就是割线的斜率；,卸载模量就是卸载曲线上的切线斜率。,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,7,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,弹性模量,泊松比,(,poissonratio),剪切模量,拉梅常数,体积模量,岩石变形性质的室内测定,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,8,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,9,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,Instron Corporation,英斯特朗公司,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,10,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,压力机加压（贮存弹性应变能）,岩石试件达峰点强度（释放,应变能）导致试件崩溃。,AAO,2,O,1,面积,峰点后，,岩块产生微小位移所需的能。,ACO,2,O,1,面积,峰点后，,刚性机释放的能（贮存的能）。,ABO,2,O,1,峰点后，,柔性机释放的能（贮存的能）。,峰值强度,柔性压力机,刚性压力机,岩石试件,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,11,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,常应力下弹塑性岩石加、卸载循环应力应变曲线,卸载应力水平一定时，每次循环中的塑性应变增量逐渐减小，加、卸载循环次数足够多后，塑性应变增量将趋于零。,加卸载循环次数足够多时，卸载曲线与其后一次再加载曲线之间所形成的滞回环的面积将愈变愈小，且愈靠拢而又愈趋于平行。,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,12,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,随着循环次数的增加，塑性滞回环的面积也有所扩大，卸载曲线的斜率也逐次略有增加（,强化,）。,每次卸载后再加载，在荷载超过上一次循环的最大荷载以后，变形曲线仍沿着原来的单调加载曲线上升，好像不曾受到反复加卸荷载的影响似的，这就是所谓的岩石具有,记忆效应,。,弹塑性岩石在变应力水平下加卸载,循环时的应力应变曲线,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,13,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,混凝土在重复荷载作用下的应力,应变曲线,（,a,）混凝土一次加荷、卸荷时的应力应变曲线,(b),混凝土多次加荷、卸荷时的应力应变曲线,（,0.4,0.5,）,疲劳强度,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,14,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,围压（ ）对岩石变形的影响,随着围压的增大，岩石的,抗压强度,显著增加；,随着围压的增大，岩石的,变形,显著增大；,随着围压的增大，岩石的,弹性极限,显著增大；,随着围压的增大，岩石的应力,-,应变曲线形态发生明显改变，岩石的,性质,发生了变化：由弹脆性弹塑性应变硬化。,花岗岩应力应变曲线,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,15,Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,混凝土圆柱体三向,受压试验时，轴向,应力,应变曲线,粘土质石英岩在不同侧限压力下的轴向,应力,应变曲线以及径向应变,轴向应变曲线,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,16,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,17,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,轴向应力,体积应变曲线,开始压缩的时候，整体体积减小，孔隙压密，纵向变形来不及转变成横向应变 ，直到,应力大约达到强度的,半时，,二者相等，体积保持不变，此后，岩石破坏，出现更多裂隙，交叉且相互联合形成宏观断裂面，岩石的变形主要表现为沿宏观断裂面的块体滑移，体积增大（,扩容,dilatancy,） 。,轴向应力,应变曲线,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,18,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,19,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,岩石的全部或部分物理、力学性质随方向不同而表现出差异的现象,称为岩石的,各向异性,。,=,=,岩石的物理力学性质下岩石力学,Mar , 2007,20,第,2,章 岩石的物理力学性质,在物体内的任一点沿任何两个不同方向的弹性性质都互不相同，任何一个应力分量都会引起六个应变分量。三向应力状态下，弹性矩阵为对称矩阵，,36,个弹性常数只有,21,个是独立的。,岩石的