二、科技文体翻译

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,General Introdution to Scie-tech English,General Introdution to Sci-tech English,Chapter Two,1,Contents,I. Review,II. Homework checking,III. General introduction to sci-tech translation,IV. Translation practice,V. Summary,VI. Assignments,I. Review,1. 报刊文体的范畴,2.新闻报刊英语的用词特点,夸张词、典故词、比喻词、,借喻词、生僻词、俚语、联缀词,1) Derivation &Affixation,2) Compositon,3) Acronym &Clipping,4) Sense-shift,3.翻译要点,4.翻译方法,1)记实性 2)娱乐 3)记实+娱乐,准确 严谨 俗雅适中 避用过激词语,31. 德才兼备:,(enhance) the political integrity and,professional competence,32. 量力而行:,We should restrain from taking on more than,we can handle.,33. 分类指导:,provide guidance tailored to the situation,34. 这项工作政策性强。,This issue needs to be handled carefully.,II. Homework Checking,35. 这些目标是有明显的政策导向的。,These targets provide a clear guidance,to policy making.,36. 我们必须加大力度以实现改革的目标。,We need to adopt stronger measures if,we are to attain the goal of reform.,37. 广大干部群众共同努力的结果。,This has been made possible through,the hard work of government,employees and the general public.,II. Homework Checking,38 不辜负人民的厚望和国家的重托:,live up to peoples expectations and,prove ourselves worthy of the great,trust the country has placed in us,39 研究适合农民工特点的社会保障办法:,work out social security measures,suitable for rural migrant workers,40 一万年太久，只争朝夕。,Ten thousand years is too long.,Seize the day, seize the hour.,II. Homework Checking,But, as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married, the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared their original duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had made themselves salves to new laws and limitations .,II. Homework Checking,但是正如许多其他情形一样，当他们最终结婚之后，却发现最美好的憧憬已被极为现实的生活所取代。,他们非但没有分担原来的责任，像学生说的那样一人一半，相反却发现生活中的忧虑成倍增加。,这使我们两位结了婚的朋友有时感觉很沮丧；他们突然明白自己根本没有住进天堂，而是仍然生活在尘世，而且还成为了新的清规戒律的奴隶。,Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they had assumed the responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked backed with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have each other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society.,II. Homework Checking,他们不但没有比从前更自由、更快乐，反而要承担新的责任；建立了新的家庭，就必须以这样或那样的方式承担起这个家庭的义务。,他们深情地回忆订婚之时（的无限憧憬），两人曾期待着彼此拥有，远离尘嚣，然而他们似乎从未如此深刻地体会到自己仍是现代社会中的一份子。,III. Sci-tech translation,科技显著作,科技论文（报告）,实验报告（方案）,各类科技情报及文字资,料,科技（仪器、仪表、机,械和工具等的）使用册,等。,有声资料及解说词等：,科技会议,会谈,交谈,科技影片,1.The definition of sci-tech English,科技书面语,科技口语,1) 普通科技文体,类别：,科普文章（popular science/science articles）,技术文本（technical prose/document）.,语场：,传播科技知识、描写生产过程、说明产品的使用方法等。,语旨：,内行对外（scientist/journalist-to-layperson writing）.,内容：,通信（电子邮件、备忘录、公司与客户之间的商务信件等）,营销（经营管理外交和推销促销材料）,产品操作指南和使用说明书、,建议书（包括对实施新项目的建议、对改变生产过程的建议）,报告书（请示报告、项目可行性研究报告书、实验报告、项目,进度报告）,III. Sci-tech translation,2.The classification of sci-tech English,2,）专用科技文体,类别：,技术性法律文本,科技著述,语场：,基础科学理论、技术性法律条文、科学技术实验,研究等领域。,语旨：,专家写给专家看的（expert-to-expert writing）。,内容：,a)其中技术性法律文本：,专利说明书、技术标准书、技术合同和协议书，以及其他,生产技术中有法律效力的条款、规程和章法；,b)科技著述：,有关专著、论文、科研报告等。,III. Sci-tech translation,2.The classification of sci-tech English,III. Sci-tech translation,Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After It is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach.,Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach.,2.The classification of sci-tech English,a)the alimentary canal,a)The alimentary canal,b) is chewed,c) (is) moistened,d) the saliva,e) a muscular tube,f) going to the stomach,the long tube which begins,at the mouth and ends,at the anus,f) leading to the stomach,b) is crushed by the teeth,c) (is) made wet,d) the juices in the mouth,e) a tube having muscles,III. Sci-tech translation,Food is digested as it passes along the long tube which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is crushed by the teeth and made wet by the juices in the mouth. After It is swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a tube having muscles and going to the stomach.,Food is digested as it passes along the alimentary canal. The process of digestion begins in the mouth where the food is chewed and moistened by the saliva. After being swallowed, it passes down the gullet, a muscular tube leading to the stomach.,2.The classification of sci-tech English,用词平易、句式简单、多用修辞格,表述客观、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词正式、句式严谨,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,III. Sci-tech translation,词汇特点：,i),纯科技词：,仅用在某个学科和专门领域的词汇和术语。,photosynthesis,seismograph,appendicitis,transistor,elastin,地震仪,阑尾炎,光合作用,晶体管,弹性蛋白,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,III. Sci-tech translation,词汇特点：,ii),通用科技词汇,:,通用科技词汇是由普通词汇转化而来，除了,本身的词义外，在不同的学科具有不同的专业词义,.,Carrier,：搬运工（基本义）,（军事） （计算机）,（机床） （运输）,（航天） （医学）,（无线电）,(,集成电路,),（半导体）,（航空）,航空母舰,刀架,运载火箭,载波,载流子,媒体,搬运车,带菌体,载体,运输机,词汇特点：,iii),派生词,:,在科技英语中派生词出现频率较高。,anticatalyst,microbiology,ecology,genetics,hydrodynamics,semiconductor,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,反催化剂,微生物学,生态学,遗传学,流体动力学,半导体,词汇特点：,iv),缩写词：科技英语中含有大量的缩写词，它有省时、,简便的优点。,IT:,e-mail,：,GTS,：,DPS,：,SARS,：,UFO,：,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,(不明飞行物),information technology,(信息技术),(电子邮件),electronic mail,(全球通讯系统),global telecommunication system,(数据处理系统),data processing system,(非典),severe acute respiratory syndrome,unidentified flying object,2) 句法特点,普遍使用被动语态,(passive voice),和非人称主语,(non-personal subject):,由于科技文章的主要目的是阐述科学事实、科学发现、实验报告等，侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，故以客观陈述为主，使用非人称主语和被动语态能避免造成主观臆断的印象。例如：,The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened,three times.,新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或缩短为三分,之一）,b),不得使用过大的电流,Too large a current must not be used.,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,2) 句法特点,ii) 大量使用名词化短语(noun phrase): 科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，所以大量使用名词化结构（nominalization）(表示动作意义的名词+of+名词+修饰语)。例如：,The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but,the motion of the plates with respect to anther,cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior.,携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是,这些板块相对于另一些板块的运动,还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,2) 句法特点,iii) 常用非谓语动词(non-finite form of the verb): 为了使科技文章行文简练，结构紧凑，往往会采用分词短语来代替定语从句或状语从句；采用分词独立结构来代替状语从句或并列句；采用不定式短语来代替各种从句；采用介词+动名词短语来代替定语从句或状语从句。例如：,At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employer s are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly。,同时计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，,这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,2) 句法特点,iv) 多见结构复杂的长句(long sentence):在科技文体中常需要用长句来阐述科学现象或事物的内在联系或解释说明一些科技术语和名词，特别是各种从句、分词短语和后置定语等。例如：,dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect ,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued .,对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,2) 句法特点,iv) 多见结构复杂的长句(long sentence):在科技文体中常需要用长句来阐述科学现象或事物的内在联系或解释说明一些科技术语和名词，特别是各种从句、分词短语和后置定语等。例如：,环境研究先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人,The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Standford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,3）修辞特点,i) 时态变化少（tense）,a) 对科学定义、自然现象和常规定理等进行阐述，多用,时态，因为客观真理的内容是没有时间性的。,b) 在叙述过去进行的研究和科学发现等情况时，常用,时态，但如果这种研究或发现对现在有较大影响的，则用,完成时态。,c) 当涉及计划中的还未实施的研究项目时，常采用,时态。,ii) 修辞手段单调（rhetoric）,科技英语注重事实和逻辑推理，因此通常极少使用拟人,（personafication）、夸张（hyperbole）、明喻（simile）、引喻,（metaphor）或对照（contrast）等修辞手法，否则会破坏科学的,严肃性和真实性。但同时普遍使用逻辑连词，以加强逻辑性。,III. Sci-tech translation,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,一般现在,一般过去,现在完成,一般将来,1) 直译,computational linguistics,计算机语言,be armed to the teeth,武装到牙,2）意译,flow sheet,first aid box,3) 音译,radar copy,vitamin show,4) 音译混译,kilowatt decibel,5）形译,III. Sci-tech translation,4 The translation methods of sci-tech terms,流程图,急救箱,雷达,拷贝,维他命,秀,千瓦,分贝,5) 形译,a) 按实物形状翻译,cam,（一种轮心偏向的轮）凸轮/偏心轮,ruling pen,（一种形似鸭嘴的笔）鸭嘴笔,b)按字形翻译,III. Sci-tech translation,4 The translation methods of sci-tech terms,J 粒子,X 射线,O 形环,T 形螺栓,丁字尺,J-particle,X-ray,O-ring,T-bolt,T-square,色盲,colour blindness,打疫苗,veccinate,太阳能电池,solar cell,真空,vacuum,软盘,floppy disc,IV. Translation practice,1. Translate the following phrases into English,终端机,terminal,肺炎,pneumonia,建筑面积,floor area,公共设施,public utilities,发行量,circulation,indigestion,消化不良,auction,拍卖,scaffolding,脚手架,screwdriver,螺丝刀,manned spacecraft,载人飞船,IV. Translation practice,2. Translate the following phrases into Chinese,fatigue,疲劳,urban planning,城市规划,pile hammer,打桩机,relapse,复发症,image,影像，图像,1)The adjustment screw has,stops,at both sides,调整螺钉的两端设有,定位块,。,2) Chemical control will do most of,things,in pest control,化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要,作用,。,3) Little information,is given,about the origin of life,关于生命起源方面的资料极少。,4) Some acids are very,active, while others are not.,有些酸的,活性,很高，有些则不然。,5) The heavenly body “Sedna”,recently discovered by,certain astronomers,may not be the tenth planet,in the,solar system,由某些科学家发现的天体“塞得娜”， 不一定是太阳系的第十颗行,星。,IV. Translation practice,3.Translate the following sentences into Chinese,1) 物质的熔点就是从固态变为液态的温度。,The melting point of a substance is the,temperature at which the change of state from,solid to liquid,occurs,.,2) 浮力的,作用,既适用于木头，也适用于钢铁。,Floatation applies to iron as well as wood.,3) 温血动物不需要依赖太阳来,获得,体温。,Warm-blooded creatures do not need to depend on the,sun,for,body heat.,4),那时,，禽流感,在一些国家,传播得,相当快,。,Avian flu was spreading,quite rapidly,in several countries,then,.,IV. Translation practice,4. Translate the following sentences into English,5) 如果某一基因受损，它就会制造出错误的蛋白质，致使你身体的,某个部分不能正常地工作。,If a gene is defective, it could produce the wrong protein,and cause something in your body not to work properly.,6) 计算机病毒破坏性很高，这使得设计者和使用者都大感头痛,Computer viruses are highly destructive, which causes,headache to both designers and users.,IV. Translation practice,4. Translate the following sentences into English,Translate the following passages into English,Protection against complete structural failure is achieved in three different ways:,first,by proper selection of material especially, in high load areas, to provide a consistent slow rate of crack propagation, and high residual strength;,second,by providing such multipath structure on the airplane that the loss of any one segment would not endanger the airplane;,and third,by providing readily accessible structure which can be inspected and maintained properly.,用三种方法来防止整个结构的损坏：,一、适当选用材料，特别是在高载荷区的材料，要具有一致的、迟缓的裂痕扩散速率特性以及高剩余强度；,二、采用多路传力结构，使某一局部损坏,不危及整个飞机；,三、使结构具有易卸性，便于检查与维修。,IV. Translation practice,V. summary,1.The definition of sci-tech English,2.The classification of sci-tech English,3.The characteristics of sci-tech English,4.The translation methods of sci-tech terms,科技书面语&科技口语,普通科技文体&专用科技文体,词汇特点,句法特点,修辞特点,1) 直译 2）意译 3) 音译 4) 音译混5）形译,VI. Assignments,Translate the following passages into English,Protection against complete structural failure is achieved in three different ways: first, by proper selection of material especially, in high load areas, to provide a consistent slow rate of crack propagation, and high residual strength; second, by providing such multipath structure on the airplane that the loss of any one segment would not endanger the airplane; and third, by providing readily accessible structure which can be inspected and maintained properly.,VI. Assignments,Translate the following passages into English,As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the under-ground, rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.,VI. Assignments,Translate the following passages into English,As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the under-ground, rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.,石油埋藏于地层深处。,(因此，仅仅靠)研究地层表面，无法确定有关石油，,必须对地下的岩石结构进行地质勘测。,如果确定了某一区域的岩石蕴藏着石油，就在此安装钻机。,钻机最明显的部分是机架，,因为它提举一节一节的钢管。这些钢管被压入井孔，,一边钻井，一边下钢管，以防周围土层塌陷。,一旦生油，就紧固管盖，让油从各个阀门喷出。,The End,Thanks,for Your Attention,