中外文化史下课件01A

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,中外文化史,课件：,之WorldCult文件夹,希腊古典文化,希腊历史年表,分裂与政治制度的多元性,希腊的文化精神,希腊的文学与艺术,希腊哲学,Chronology of Ancient Greece,1230,Destruction of,Troy,1130,Mycenae,destroyed,1100,Dorian,invasion of Greece,780,Alphabetic writing,begins in Greece (,Phoenician alphabet,),776,Traditional date for the beginning of the,Olympic games,760,First Greek colony on,the Italian mainland,(Cumae),750,Large,temples,begin to be built in Greece,Chronology of Ancient Greece,750-700,The,Iliad,and the,Odyssey,reach approximately their present forms,700,Hesiod,denounces the rich,Zeus a god of justice,;,monarchies,in Greece giving way to,oligarchies,621,publication of the laws of Athens by,Draco,600,Sappho,of,Lesbos, first famous authoress; Greek,monumental sculpture,begins,Chronology of Ancient Greece,593,Solons reforms,in Athens,c.585,Thales of Miletus, beginning of,natural philosophy,(physics),546,Cyrus,conquers Croesus of Lydia,c.540,Xenophanes,philosophic monotheism,c.525,Pythagoras, the philosophic life,499,Ionian,cities, aided by Athens, revolt from Persia,490,Battle of,Marathon, Persian expedition against Athens defeated,Chronology of Ancient Greece,480,Xerxes, Darius successor, invades Greece,479,Battle of Plataea, Xerxes army destroyed; Battle of Mount Mycale, Xerxes Aegean fleet destroyed; Persian loses Macedon, Thrace, and Cyrenaica,478,Athens created the,Delian League,for liberation of Greek cities from Persia,c.475,Parmenides opposition of,reality (changeless) to appearance (changing),Chronology of Ancient Greece,458,Aeschylus,Oresteia,; beginning of,Pericles,predominance,457,The ,long walls, secure Athens from attack by land,454,The,treasury of the Delian League,moved to Athens,449,Athens makes peace with Persia,447,Beginning of the,Parthenon, work of,Ictinus,Chronology of Ancient Greece,c.447,The,Sophists, study of,argument and rhetoric,;,Pindar,(lyric poetry),Sophocles,(tragedy),Herodotus,(history), Phidias (sculpture),431,-404,The,Peloponnesian War, ending with the destruction of the Athenian fleet, the long walls, and the Delian League; Socrates (,moral philosophy,),Hippocrates,(,rational medicine,), Democritus (atomic theory),Aristophanes,(comedy),Euripides,(tragedy),Thucydides,(history),Chronology of Ancient Greece,404-371,Spartan hegemony,in Greece,399,Trial and execution of Socrates,395,Persia finances Greek attacks on Sparta,394,Rebuilding of the long walls of Athens begun with Persian help,378,Formation of the,Second Athenian League,371,Battle of Leuctra, Sparta decisively defeated by,Thebes,Chronology of Ancient Greece,371-362,Theban hegemony,in Greece; Spartan control of the Peloponnese ended; establishment of the Arcadian League;,Plato,teaching in Athens; Praxiteles (sculptor);,Isocrates,(rhetorician),359,Philip II,becomes king of the Macedonians,338,Battle of Chaironea, Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes and subjugates Greece;,Aristotle, Diogenes, Demosthenes (orator),Chronology of Ancient Greece,336,Philip II assassinated;,Alexander,succeeds,334,Alexander invades the Persian Empire,331,Foundation of ,Alexandria-by-Egypt,; capture of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis,327,Invasion of,Pakistan,326,Conquest of the,Indus Valley,323,Death of Alexander in Babylon,Chronology of Ancient Greece,323,-276,Wars of,Alexanders successors, emergence of the three major Hellenistic kingdoms:,Antigonid Macedon,Ptolemaic Egypt, and the,Seleucid empire,; Epicurus,Zeno,(founder of Stoicism), Theophrastus (successor of Aristotle),Zeno of Citium (333 BC - 264 BC), not to be confused with Zeno of Elea (c.490c.430 BC), famed for his paradoxes,275,-215,Zenith of Alexandria as center of the new Hellenistic culture;,Archimedes,Euclid, Theocritus (creator of Greek bucolic poetry),Apollonius Rhodius,(librarian and poet),分裂与政治制度的多元性,商业和航海的发达使人口压力可以通过建立海外殖民地来缓解，无太大的必要进行政治上的整合,多山而缺少大河、平原的地理条件使希腊半岛也难以达到政治上的统一,长期分裂为多种政治制度并存并互相竞争提供了较大的空间,亚里士多德的分类法：君主制（monarchy）、寡头制（oligarchy）、民主制（democracy）,城邦政治,Athens,典型的城邦规模：面积为50-100平方公里，城乡公民约625-1250，总人口为数千人。,雅典,公民大会与直接民主制（而非代议民主制）,抽签法决定国家元首,陪审团制度,奴隶制，但多为小奴隶主，每家奴隶人数有限,斯巴达,以少数人统治多数奴隶，社会长期军事化,“天有二日”与寡头政治,城邦政治,Athens,希腊的文化成就,短时间内,文化便发展到高峰，取得基本上是,全面的文化成就,哲学,始于自然哲学，再延伸到道德哲学（社会哲学），使其,理性化程度很高,理性的,逻辑思维,发达（不避“诡辩”）,平等精神,：理性高于权威,希腊的文化成就,相互师承的三大哲学家:,苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德,Socrates (,c. 469 399 BC),Plato (424/423 348/347 BC),Aristotle (384 322 BC),古希腊哲学,黑格尔：哲学是从希腊开始的。,希腊的哲学家们反对过去由传统对世界作出的神秘主义解释，他们试图通过理性进行重新诠释，回答诸如以下的问题：,万物从何而来？,万物由什么构成？,我们如何解释自然事物的多元性？,我们如何通过数学描述自然？,