Hei-Lesson_06

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,计算机科学与工程学院,34,InformationSystem Analysis,&,Design Methods,计算机科学与工程学院,Xinhong,HEI,Lei WANG,ADD: Rd. South of,Jinhua,5, 710048, Xian,TEL: 0086 29 8231 2196 1010,FAX: 0086 29 8231 2456,Email:,leiwang,heixinhong,WEB: http:/202.200.112.10/sysana/index.aspx,Lesson Review,Statement of Work (SOW),Describes what project will deliver,Lists all work to be performed,Baseline Project Plan (BPP),Created during project initiation and planning,Contains: Introduction, High-Level description of system, Outline of feasibility and Overview of Management Issues,Feasibility,Economic,Operational,Technical,Schedule,Legal,Contractual,Political,Time value of money (TVM),The process of comparing present cash outlays to future expected returns.,计算机科学与工程学院,Lesson Six,Determining System Requirements,计算机科学与工程学院,Objectives,What is an interview? and what is it like?,How about using questionnaires to determine system requirements,Explain advantages and disadvantages of observing workers and analyzing business documents to determine requirements,How about Joint Application Design (JAD) and Prototyping,Discuss appropriate methods to elicit system requests,Explain Business Process Re-engineering (BPR),计算机科学与工程学院,Performing Requirements Determination,Gather information on what system should do from many sources,Users,Reports,Forms,Procedures,计算机科学与工程学院,Performing Requirements Determination,Characteristics for gathering requirements,Impertinence,Question everything,Impartiality,Find the best organizational solution,Relaxation of constraints,Reframing,View the organization in new ways,Attention to detail,计算机科学与工程学院,Deliverables and Outcomes,Understanding of organizational components,Business objective,Information needs,Rules of data processing,Key events,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Preparing for the Interview,Interviewing and Listening,Gather facts, opinions and speculations,Observe body language and emotions,Guidelines,Plan,Checklist,Appointment,Be neutral,Listen and record,Review notes,Seek a diverse view,计算机科学与工程学院,Plan the Interview,Checklist,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Interviewing and Listening,Interview Questions,Close-Ended,Respondent is asked to choose from a set of specified responses,Open-Ended,No pre-specified answers,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Conducting the Interview,Observe body language and emotions,Be neutral,Listen and record,Do not raise expectations about future system,Seek a diverse view,Review notes,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Administering Questionnaires,More cost-effective than interviews,Choosing respondents,Should be representative of all users,Types of samples,Random sample,Purposeful sample,Stratified sample,Check for non-response bias,Design,Mostly closed-ended questions,Can be administered over the phone or in person,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Formulating Questions,How often do you back up your computer files,Frequently,Sometimes,Hardly at all,Never,How often do you back up the computer files on the hard disk on the PC in your office?,Frequently (at least once per week),Sometimes (from one to three times per month),Hardly at all (once per month or less),Never,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Comparing Interviews and Questionnaires,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Directly Observing Users,Serves as a good method to supplement interviews,Often difficult to obtain unbiased data,People often work differently when being observed,计算机科学与工程学院,Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents: Types of Information To Be Discovered,Problems with existing system,Opportunity to meet new need,Organizational direction,Names of key individuals,Values of organization,Special information processing circumstances,Rules for processing data,计算机科学与工程学院,Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents: Company Forms,计算机科学与工程学院,Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents: Company Reports,计算机科学与工程学院,Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements: Comparing Observation and Document Analysis,计算机科学与工程学院,Modern Methods for Determining Requirements,Prototyping,Joint Application Design,计算机科学与工程学院,Modern Methods for Determining Requirements: Prototyping,Repetitive process,Rudimentary version of system is built,Replaces or augments SDLC,Goal: to develop concrete specifications for ultimate system,Quickly converts requirements to working version of system,Once the user sees requirements converted to system, will ask for modifications or will generate additional requests,Collect,Requirements,Build / Refine,Prototype,Review,Prototype,Use or Build,Production,System,Accept,Refine if Needed,计算机科学与工程学院,Modern Methods for Determining Requirements: Prototyping,Most useful when:,User requests are not clear,Few users are involved in the system,Designs are complex and require concrete form,History of communication problems between analysts and users,Tools are readily available to build prototype,Drawbacks:,Tendency to avoid formal documentation,Difficult to adapt to more general user audience,Sharing data with other systems is often not considered,Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) checks are often bypassed,计算机科学与工程学院,Modern Methods for Determining Requirements: JAD,Joint Application Design (JAD),Brings together key people,Purpose: collect system requirements simultaneously from key people,Often conducted off-site,Participants,Include: Session Leader, Users, Managers, Sponsor, Systems Analysts, Scribe, IS Staff,End Result,Documentation detailing existing system,Features of proposed system,计算机科学与工程学院,计算机科学与工程学院,A JAD Workshop,May last several days,Lots of pre-planning,Retreat Atmosphere,No more than 15 people,Can technology help?,计算机科学与工程学院,Business Process Reengineering,Business Process Reengineering (BPR),Search for, and implementation of, radical change in business processes to achieve breakthrough improvements in products and services,Goals,Reorganize complete flow of data in major sections of an organization,Eliminate unnecessary steps,Combine steps,Become more responsive to future change,Identification of processes to reengineer,Key business processes,Set of activities designed to produce specific output for a particular customer or market,Focused on customers and outcome,Same techniques are used as were used for requirements determination,计算机科学与工程学院,BPR: Disruptive Technologies,Disruptive Technologies,Technologies that enable the breaking of long-held business rules that inhibit organizations from making radical business changes,计算机科学与工程学院,Case Study,System layout and navigation characteristics,计算机科学与工程学院,Case Study,WebStore,and site management system capabilities,计算机科学与工程学院,Case Study,Customer and inventory information,计算机科学与工程学院,Case Study,System prototype evolution,计算机科学与工程学院,Summary,Interviews,Open-ended and close-ended questions,Preparation is key,Questionnaires,Must be carefully designed,Can contain close-ended as well as open-ended questions,Other means of gather requirements,Observing workers,Analyzing business documents,Joint Application Design (JAD),Prototyping,Business Process Reengineering (BPR),Disruptive technologies,计算机科学与工程学院,