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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,高考命题特点与策略三,阅读理解,实践篇（二）,如何推测词语意思,一，利用构词法推测词义,二，根据定义或解释推测词义,三，根据内在逻辑关系推测词义,四，根据上下文的暗示推测词义,五，外部相关因素推测词义,一，利用构词法推测词义,常见的构词法有加前缀、后,缀及合成。在推测词义的时候，,可以注意目标词的某个部分是否,是熟悉的词语，再结合相应词缀,的含义确定生词的词义。,利用前缀猜测词义,1.He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a,few minutes.,点拨,本句中的,semiconscious,是一个生词。但其中的,词根,conscious,意为“清醒的、有意识的”。另,外，这个词的前缀,semi-,意为“半、部分的、不,完全的”，据此，我们可以推测出该词的词义,为“半清醒的，半昏迷的“。,2.,Im,illiterate,about such things.,点拨,本句的词根,literate,意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀,il,-,表示否定，因此,illiterate,指“一窍不通的、不知道的”。,3.,Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as,an,inexpensive,way of taking to roads.,点拨,本句中的,inexpensive,一词没有在教材中出现，,但其词根,expensive,却是我们所熟悉的单词。,由此，我们可以根据构此法，推测出其词义,为“,not expensive”.,根据后缀猜测词义,1.,Insecticide,is applied where it is needed.,点拨,这个单词中的后缀-,cide,表示“杀者、杀灭剂”，,结合大家熟悉的词根,insect(,昆虫)，不难猜出,其意为“杀虫剂”,2.,Then the vapor may change into,droplets,.,点拨,这个词的后缀-,let,表示“小的”，词根,drop,指,“滴、滴状物”。将两个意思合起来，便可推,出其意为“小滴、微滴”。,3.,The first car,rental,firm opened in Shanghai in 1992,and now 12car rental players are in the game,with,more than 11,500cars in their books.,点拨,这一句中出现了生词,rental，,但我们对,rent,(,出租)一词非常熟悉。再根据,rental,一词在句,中的位置关系，我们可以确定，,rental,一词在,句中应是形容词做定语，修饰后面的名词,firm.,据此，我们可以推断出其词义应是“出租的”。,二，根据定义或解释推测词义,在阅读理解的文章中，有些,词语对于我们来说可能是陌生的。,这时，文章可能会对这类词语进,行解释。,根据定义猜测词义,在对生词进行定义的时候，定义句,的谓语动词多为：,be,mean,deal with,be,considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute,等。通过定,义，我们便可知道生词的词义。,例如：,点拨,1.,Anthropology,is the scientific study of man.,由定义可知，此词的意思是“研究人,类的科学”。,2.,In slang,the term “,jam,”constitutes a state of being,in which a person finds himself or herself in a,diffi,-,cult situation.,点拨,同样，从上下文的定义可知，,jam,一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,根据复述猜测词义,虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是,提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词词义。复述形式多,样，具体的复述方式有：同位语、插入语、定语,从句、举例等。,同位语,根据生词的同位语，可以猜测出生词的词,义。在复述中构成同位关系的两个部分之间多,用逗号连接，有时候也用破折号、冒号、分号、引,号和括号等。这些标点符号的后面的内容可能是对,前面的词语进行解释，或后面的内容对前面,的词语解释或说明。如：,1.,It will be competing for the,PalmedOr,the festivals,top prize.,点拨,2.,Modern medicine began with the,stethoscope,a me-,dical,tool used for listening to the movements of a,persons lungs and his heartbeats.,点拨,本句中的,PalmedOr,是个外来词，当然是我们,不能理解的词语。但它后面的解释清楚地告,诉我们，它就是这个节日的最高奖项的名称,对绝大多数同学来说这个词是个生词，但后,面的解释会使我们一目了然，很快就可以推,测出它的意思是“听诊器”。,3.,The largest playerShanghai,Bashi,Tourist Car,Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices,deluxe,sedans,minivans,station wagons,coaches.,56.The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans”and “station,wagons” used in the text refer to_,A.cars in the making B.car rental firms,C.cars for rent D.car makers,点拨,本句的两个破折号都是起解释作用的。第二,个破折号后面对,choices,进行解释。从解释中,我们可以推测出，破折号后面的内容是汽车,出租公司所提供的汽车种类。由此本题的答,案是,C。,4.,The harbor is protected by a,jetty,a wall built out,into the water.,点拨,在本句中，破折号后面的内容解释了,jetty,的词义。据此，我们知道，,jetty,就是建立,在水中的墙，即“防洪堤”。,插入语,插入语“,That is”,”That is to say”,及并列,连词,or,也可以对前面的内容进行解释，意为,“也就是说”。这些插入语的的后面也是对,前面的词语进行解释。如：,1.,Jane is,indecisive,that is,she cant make up her mind,easily.,点 拨,本句的,indecisive,是一个生词，但我们,通过“,that is”,后面的解释可以知道，该,词意为“犹豫不决的”。,2.,Capacitance,or the ability to store electric charge,is,one of the most common characteristics of electronic,circuits(,电器装置).,点 拨,由同位语我们很快猜出生词,capacitance,的词义电容量。需要注意的是：同,位语还常有,or,similarly,that is to say,in,other words,namely,or other,say,等副词,或短语出现。,定语从句,定语从句也可以帮助我们理解生词的含义。如：,1.Krabacber suffers from,SAD,which is short for seasonal,affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe,seasonal mood swings.,点 拨,根据生词,SAD,后面的定语从句和同位语,，,我们可以推断出其含义，即“季节性,情绪紊乱症“,举 例,根据举例也可以推测生词的词义。,恰当的举例也能够提供猜测词义的,重要线索。如：,The result of,epochal,events such as wars and great,scientific discoveries are not confined to a small,geographical area as they were in the past.,点 拨,句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的,实例，通过它们我们就可以猜出该词的,大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划,时代的”十分接近。,三，根据内在逻辑关系推测词义,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指,运用语言知识分析和判断相关信,息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根,据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致,义域。,根据对比关系猜测词义,在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事,物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词,或难词的反义词猜测词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有,though,unlike,not,but,however,despite,in,spite of,in contrast,while,等引导或连接的句子。,例如：,1.,Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his,neck still remains,grubby,.,点 拨,本句的,grubby,是不熟悉的单词。但本句前,面一句中的,Though,和,clean,暗示了该词的意,思是“,dirty(,肮脏的)”,2.,Andrew is one of the most,s,upercilious,men I know.,His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.,点 拨,该例中,supercilious,对许多同学来说是生词,但句中短语,in contrast,可以提示我们和后面,词组,humble and modest(,谦卑又谦虚)是对比,关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出其,意为“目空一切，傲慢的”。,3.,A good supervisor can recognize instantly the,adept,workers from the unskilled ones.,点 拨,该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系,的词语或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断,出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与,非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断,出生词,adept,的词义是“熟练的”。,根据比较关系猜测词义,同对比关系相反，比较关系表示,意义上的相似关系。例如：,Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly,loquacious,.,点 拨,该句中副词,similarly,表明短语,loves to talk,与生词,loquacious,之间的比较关系。以此可,以推断出其词义为“健谈的”。,表示比较关系的词和短语主要是,similarly,like,just as,also,等。,根据因果关系猜测词义,在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象,之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关,系推知生词词义。例如：,1.,Tom is considered an,autocratic,administrator because,he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of,others.,点 拨,根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断,出生词,autocratic,是指“独断专横的”。,2.,There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square,that he had to,elbow,his way through the crowd.,点 拨,此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描述,“许多示威者“，我们可推知,elbow,的意思,是“挤、挤过”。,根据同义词的替,代关系猜测词义,在句子或段落中，我们也可以利用熟悉的,词语，根据语言环境推断生词的词义。,如：,1.,Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.,Tritt,was,never able to steal money from a customer.This would,have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not,want to,jeopardize,his future.,点 拨,作者为避免重复使用,endanger,一词，用其,同一词,jeopardize,来替代它，由此推知其词,义为“使陷入危险，危及、危害”。,2.,Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is,detrimental,to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.,点 拨,句中,detrimental,是个生词，但判断出,harmful,替代这个词后，不难推断出其词,义为“不利的，有害的”。,利用上下文的,暗示猜测词义,Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches,and overheated hotel rooms head for a big,igloo,.Swedish,businessman Nil,Bergqvist,is delighted with his new hotel,the worlds first,igloo,hotel.Built in a small town in Lap-,land,it has been attracting lots of visitors,but soon the fun,will be over.,In two weeks time,Bergqvists,ice creation will be,nothing more than a pool of water. “We dont see it as a,big problem,”he says, “We just look forward to,replacing it.,点 拨,本句中,igloo,是我们从来没见过的单词。,看完这句后，我们可以通过定语从句的,内容,who are bored with baking beaches,and over-heated hotel rooms,便可了解到,这个,igloo,里面应该很凉爽的。再往下看，,下一段又有一句：,In two weeks time,Bergqvists,ice creation(,作品),will be,nothing more than a pool of water.,从本句,我们可以了解到,igloo,这东西就是由,ice,制作,而成的，而且还会化成水。但这个,igloo,里,面可以住人。由此，我们可以推测出,igloo,意为“冰屋”。,利用外部相,关猜测词义,外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。如：,1.Husband:Its really cold out tonight.,Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically,numb,.,How,about lighting the,furnace,?,点 拨,这段对话中，出现了两个生词,numb,和,furnace.,根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手,肯定是“冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。这样，要,取暖肯定要生“炉子”。据此，我们便可推,测出这两个生词的含义分别是“冻僵的”、,“炉子,2.,The biggest power failure happened yesterday.All of,our ice-cream and frozen foods,melted,.,点 拨,本句的,melted,也可以说是同学们不熟悉的。,本句中的,ice-cream,和,frozen foods,在停电的,情况下的一种必然的结果就是“溶化”。,3.,The snake,slithered,through the grass.,点 拨,本句中的,slithered,是一个生词。但根据有关,蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出其词,义为“爬行”。,By.9:45,everybody was having great fun,but no food,had appeared.Jane and David were restless.Other guests,began whispering that they,too,were starving.But no one,wanted to leave,just in case some food was about to,appear.By 11:00,there was still no food,and everyone was,completely,off their heads,.Jane and David left hungry,and angry.,The underline words “off their heads”probably mean_,A.tired B.crazy C.curious D.hopeless,根据上文,staving,和,下文的,hungry and angry,可以推断客人们快变疯了。,点 拨,
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