第六单元Quality and safety in construction

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 6 quality and safety in construction,质量和安全施工,Part 1,Concerning for quality and safety,关于质量和施工安全,Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations Impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.,对于项目经理而言质量控制和安全的关注日益重要。缺陷或失败的人工设施可以导致非常大的成本付出。即使有轻微的缺陷，重建可能使得设施业务受损。增加费用和延误工期。在最坏的情况下，故障可能导致人身伤害或死亡事故。在施工过程中同样可以造成人身伤害和大量费用支出。间接费用保险，检查和管理迅速增加，由于这些增加的直接费用。一个好的项目经理，应该努力确保工作第一时间完成任务同时没有重大事故发生。,As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations ,material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original design and planning decisions.,由于成本控制，对已完成的施工质量在设计和规划极端已经做出最重要的决定，而不是在建设阶段。正是在这些初步的阶段，部分配置，决定于材料规格和功能性能就已经定了下来。施工过程中的质量控制主要是确保符合这些原始设计和规划决定了其重要的组成部分。,While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality,control,there,are exceptions to this rule.,First,unforeseen,circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second,case,some,designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount the tunneling process .Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions,，,the facility design may be more cost effective as a result.,虽然符合现有的设计决策的首要重点是质量控制，但也有例外。第一，不可预见的情况，不正确的设计决定或改变所需的业主的设施功能可能需要重新评价的设计决策过程中的施工。虽然这些变化可能是出于关心质量，他们代表多次重新设计，随之而来的所有目标和约束。作为另一种情况，有些设计依靠明智和适当的决策过程中的施工过程本身。例如，一些隧道方法作出决定的数额的隧穿过程。因为这样的决定是基于更好的资料，现场实际条件，设施的设计可能是更具成本效益的结果。,With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction,process,the,specification of quality requirements in the design and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance.,与注意的一致性作为衡量质量在施工过程中，规范质量要求设计和验证，使各方在项目可以理解的要求应该是明确的、可核查的，使所有各方在项目可以理解的要求一致。,Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental,collisions.Beyond,these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.,安全施工项目也受到影响，在很大程度上决定了在规划和设计过程。有些设计或施工图本质上是困难和危险的实施，而其他类似的计划，可大大减少事故发生的可能性。例如，明确的分离，从施工区交通巷康复可以大大减少意外的可能性碰撞。除了这些设计决策，安全在很大程度上取决于教育，警惕和合作在施工过程中。工人们应时时警惕的可能性，事故和避免采取不必要的风险。,Part 2,组织质量和安全,Organizing for Quality and Safety,A variety of different organizations are possible for quality and safety control during construction. One common model is to have a group responsible for quality assurance and mother group primarily responsible for safety within an organization. In large organizations; departments dedicated to quality assurance and to safety might assign specific individuals to assume responsibility for these functions on particular projects. For smaller projects, the project manager or an assistant might assume these and other responsibilities. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel,cost,time,and other management issues.,各种不同的组织都可能的质量控制和安全施工。一个共同的模式是有一组负责质量保证和母亲组主要负责安全的组织。在大型组织；部门致力于保证质量和安全可能会确定具体的个人承担责任，这些功能的具体项目。对于较小的项目，项目经理或助理会认为这些和其他责任。无论是哪种情况，确保安全和质量建设是一个关注的项目经理全面负责项目除了关注人员，成本，时间和其他管理问题。,Inspectors and quality assurance personal will be involved in a project to represent a variety of different,organizations.Each,of the parties directly concerned with the project may have their own quality and safety,inspectors,including,the owner,，,the engineer/architect,，,and the various constructor firms. These inspectors may be contractors from specialized quality assurance,organization.In,addition to on-site,inspections,samples,of materials will commonly be tested by specialized laboratories to insure,compliance.Inspectors,to insure compliance with regulatory requirements will also be,involved.Common,examples are inspectors for the local,governments,building department,，,for environmental agencies,，,and for occupational health and safety agencies.,检验和质量保证个人将参与一个项目代表了各种不同的组织。各方直接有关的项目可能有自己的质量和安全检查，包括业主，工程师,/,建筑师，以及各种构造函数商行。这些人员可能是承包商从专业质量保证组织。除了现场检查，材料样品通常会被测试的专业实验室，以确保遵守。检查，确保遵守法规的要求也将参与。常见的例子是核查为当地政府,建设部，环保机构，和职业健康安全机构。,The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration,（,OSHA,）,routinely conducts site visits of work places in conjunction with approved state inspection agencies. OSHA inspectors are required by law to issue citations for all standard violations observed. Safety standards prescribe a variety of mechanical safeguards and procedures; for examp1e, ladder safety is covered over 140 regulations. In cases of extreme non-compliance with standards, OSHA inspectors can stop work on a project. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused by violations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors.,美国职业安全和健康管理局（一氧化碳）定期进行实地访问的工作场所及批准的国家检验机构。一氧化碳督察是法律所要求的问题引用标准行为观察。安全标准规定了各种机械的保护措施和程序；为,examp1e,，梯子安全覆盖,140,。在极端情况下不符合标准，一氧化碳检查员可以停止工作的一个项目。然而，只有一小部分网站建设是由访问一氧化碳督察和大多数施工现场事故没有造成违反现有标准。因此，安全的责任主要管理人员而非政府网站。,While the multitude of participants involved in the construction process require the services of inspectors, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that inspectors are only a formal check on quality control. Quality control should be a primary objective for all the members of a project team. Managers should take responsibility for maintaining and improving quality control. Employee participation in quality control should be sought and rewarded, including the introduction of new ideas. Most important of all, quality improvement can serve as a catalyst for improved productivity. By suggesting new work methods, by avoiding rework, and by avoiding long term problems, good quality control can pay for itself. Owners should promote good quality control and seek out contractors who maintain such standards.,虽然众多的参与者参与建设过程中需要服务的人员，不能过分强调强烈检查员只正式的质量控制检查。质量控制应该是一个主要目标的所有成员的一个工程队。管理人员应负责维持和改善质量控制。员工参与质量控制应寻求和奖励，包括引进新的思想。最重要的是，可以提高质量作为催化剂，提高生产率。通过提出新的工作方法，以避免重复劳动，并避免长期问题，良好的质量控制可以为自己支付。业主应促进良好的质量控制和寻找承包人保持这种标准。,In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. For example, insuring accurate and useful information is an important part of maintaining quality performance. Other aspects of quality control include document control (including changes during the construction process), procurement, field inspection and testing, and final checkout of the facility.,除了各种组织机构参与质量控制，质量控制问题出现在几乎所有的功能区的建设活动。例如，确保准确和有用的信息是一个重要的组成部分保持质量性能。其他方面的质量控制包括控制文件（包括施工时变化过程），采购，现场的检验和测试，以及最后结帐的设施。,Part 3,Professional vocabulary,专业词汇,Quality control,质量管理，质量控制,Project manager,项目经理,Facility operations,设施运营,Construction process,施工工艺流程,Planning stage,规划阶段,Component configuration,组件配置,Material specification,材料规格,Functional performance,使用性能,The course of construction,使用过程,Tunneling methods,隧道方法,Contract documentation,合同文件,Quality requirements,质量要求,Construction zone,施工区,Quality assurance,质量保证,Safety inspector,安全检查员,Safety standards,安全标准,Mechanical safeguards,机械保障,Quality performance,质量性能,Part 4,Check Your Understanding,Build up your professional vocabulary,Column A Column B,1.project manager a.,施工区,2.safety inspector b.,施工工艺流程,3.quality assurance c.,材料规格,4.construction process d.,合同文件,5.planning stages e.,组件配置,ponent configuration f.,规划阶段,7.material specifications g.,质量管理,8.construction zone h.,项目经理,9.quality control i.,质量保证,10.contract documentation j.,安全监察员,