人教版高考总复习英语语法专题7

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,英语,高考总复习人教版,必修四,语法专题,(,七,),非谓语动词,一、非谓语动词的句法功能,成分,类别,主语,表语,定语,宾语,补语,状语,同位语,独立成分,不定式,Ving,Ved,二、非谓语动词的形式,(,以,make,为例,),语态与意义,形式与用法,类别,语态,意义和用法,主动语态,被动语态,Ving,一般式,(,not)making,(,not)being,made,常表示,“,主动,”,和,“,进行,”,完成式,(,not)having,made,having been made,表示,Ving,的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语,不定式,一般式,(,not)to,make,to be made,不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或,(,几乎,),同时发生,进行式,to be making,谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式动词的动作正在进行。,完成式,to have made,to have been made,不定式的动作先于谓语动作。,三、关于非谓语动词的几种被动形式的使用和区别,被动形式,意义与用法,to be,Ved,表示未做的被动动作或行为,being,Ved,表示正在做或进行的被动动作或行为,having been,Ved,表示先于某个动作的被动动作或行为,(,一般不用作后置定语,),Ved,表示被动的动作或行为，其动作可以先于主句动作，与主句动作同时进行或是主句动作之后的延续结果。,四、不定式、,Ving,形式和,Ved,作不同句子成分的用法区别,1.,不定式、,Ving,和,Ved,作状语的区别,(1),不定式结构常用作目的状语，表示结果常见于下列搭配：,so,as to,；,such,as to,；,enough to,；,too,to,；,never to.,，,only to(,通常是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果,),。,这样考过,The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.,A,looked at,B,to look at,C,to looking at D,look at,解析：,句意：当这位著名的女演员走进入教室时，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。此处用,to look at,表目的。,答案：,B,She returned home from the office,，,only _ the door open and something missing.,A,has found B,to be found,C,to find D,found,解析：,由句意：她从办公室回到家，结果发现门开着，也丢了东西。知,only to find,作结果状语，表出乎意料的结果。,答案：,C,If the food tastes nice,，,well buy some,；,if _,，,_.,A,no; no B,not; not,C,not; no D,no; not,解析：,第一空用,not; if not,表,“,如果不,”,，在此相当于,if it doesnt taste nice,；而第二空也用,not,，相当于,we wont buy,。,答案：,B,Peters mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally,，,never _ again.,A,to find B,to be found,C,finding D,being found,解析：,彼得的手机偶然落在一辆出租车上了，再也没找到。此处用不定式做结果状语，手机做句子主语，因此与,find,是被动关系，故选,B,项。,答案：,B,(2),现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、让步和结果；过去分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件和让步。现在分词与逻辑主语之间为主动关系，过去分词与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。,这样考过,A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,，,_ all four people on board.,A,killed B,killing,C,kills D,to kill,解析：,句意：一架小型飞机在城东五英里外的山坡上坠毁，机上四人全部丧生。用,kill,的现在分词形式,killing,which killed,作结果状语。,答案：,B,In April,2009,，,President,Hu,inspected the warships in Qingdao,，,_ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.,A,marking B,marked,C,having marked D,being marked,解析：,句意：,2009,年,4,月，胡主席在青岛检阅了海军舰队，这也是中国人民解放军海军成立,60,年的标志。,答案：,A,_ that he was in great danger,，,Eric walked deeper into the forest.,A,Not realized B,Not to realize,C,Not realizing D,Not to have realized,解析：,题意为,“,没有意识到自己正处于很大的危险之中，艾瑞克走进了森林更深处,”,。,realize,和句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。不定式作状语表示目的或者结果，与题意不符，故可排除,B,、,D,两项。,答案：,C,_ many times,，,he finally understood it.,A,Told B,Telling,C,Having told D,Having been told,解析：,句意：他被告知了好多次，最后他终于懂了。这道题考查非谓语动词。句子主语是,he,，句子前是一个非谓语动词结构，,he,与动词,tell,存在被动关系，而且动作存在先后顺序。,答案：,D,2,不定式和,Ving,作宾语的区别,(1),疑问代词,/,副词动词不定式。,这种结构常用于下列动词后：,know,，,make up ones mind,，,decide,，,find out,，,learn,，,understand,，,wonder,，,forget,，,see,，,settle,等。也可以用于介词后。,这样考过,Have you thought,about_to,give her as a present?,A,what B,who,C,which D,where,解析：,考查疑问词加不定式的用法。此处根据句意应用,what,。,答案：,A,I used to work in a nursery before so I,know_to,expect in this new job.,A,what B,how,C,why D,whatever,解析：,what,什么；,how,如何；,why,为,的原因；,whatever,无论什么，任何东西。,What to,expent,in this new job.,作,know,的宾语，,what,作,expect,的宾语。,答案：,A,(2),不定式结构一般不作介词宾语。介词接,v.ing,作宾语。,特例：,but,，,except,表示,“,除外,”,时，其前如有行为动词,do,的各种形式，不定式的符号,to,须省略，其他情况下要用带,to,的不定式。,这样考过,_ the tonics(,补品,)are probably not harmful_ your wallet,，,Heller thinks that people who try them may not realize how highly caffeinated they are.,A,While; except for B,As; except for,C,While; except to D,As; except to,解析：,语境为：虽然补品也许无害,除了对钱包之外,但是,Heller,认为尝试补品的人可能没有意识到它们的咖啡因含量有多高。此处,while,表示,“,尽管，虽然,”,，用来引导让步状语从句；句中的,to,表示对象。,答案：,C,(3),只能跟,to do,作宾语的动词：,agree,，,pretend,，,afford,，,appear,，,attempt,，,choose,，,dare,，,decide,，,be determined,，,fail,，,happen,，,hope,，,learn,，,manage,，,offer,，,refuse,等。,这样考过,I hope _ with her about that during the time we _ at college.,A,to talk; studied,B,to have talked; are studying,C,to talk; were studying,D,to have talked; were studying,解析：,句意为,“,我希望上大学的时候就已经跟她谈谈那件事。,”,答案：,D,Will the Johnsons leave for Australia this spring?,No,，,they finally decided _.,A,not to leave B,not leaving,C,not to D,not to be leaving,解析：,当不定式的内容和前面的重复时，不定式可以省略，但不定式的符号,to,不省略，其否定形式为,not to,。这里是,decided not to leave,的省略。,答案：,C,注意：既可以跟,to do,又可以跟,sb.to,do,的动词有,beg,，,expect,，,promise,，,want,，,wish,，,would like/love,；可以跟,to do,但不可以跟,sb.to,do,的动词有,hope,，,decide,，,refuse,，,manage,，,pretend,，,offer,，,plan,，,agree,等。,(4),只能跟,Ving,作宾语的动词有：,imagine,，,escape,，,cant help,，,enjoy,，,miss,，,allow,，,advise,，,consider,，,delay,，,excuse,，,feel like,，,finish,，,forbid,，,give up,，,keep,，,mind,，,permit,，,practise,，,put off,，,suggest,等。,这样考过,As a new driver,，,I have to,practise,_ the car in my small garage again and again.,A,parking B,to park,C,parked D,park,解析：,practise,v,t,.,“,实践，练习,”,，其后必须接动名词，不能用不定式作宾语。句意为：作为新司机，我不得不在我的小车库里一遍又一遍地练习停车。,答案：,A,I cant,stand_with,Jane in the same,office.She,just refuses_ talking while she works.,A,working; stopping B,to work; stopping,C,working; to stop D,to work; to stop,答案：,C,注意：上述大多数动词可在,Ving,前加上逻辑主语，逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的所有格表示，也可用它们的宾格表示：,Do you mind their/them making noises here?,你介意他们在此吵闹吗？,(5),有些动词既可以跟不定式作宾语，也可以跟动名词作宾语。区别如下：,love,，,like,，,hate,，,prefer,跟,Ving,表示习惯性动作或行为；跟,to do,表示某次具体的行为。,forget,，,remember,，,regret,跟,Ving,表示事情已做过；跟,to do,表示事情还没做。,这样考过,He loves breathing fresh air in the suburbs and _ in the morning sunshine.,A,Sit B,sitting,C,sits D,is sitting,答案：,B,try,跟,doing,表示,“,试着做,”,；跟,to do,表示,“,尽力做,”,，相当于,seek to do,/attempt to do/,make an effort to do,。,这样考过,Id like to learn more about the Doha Asian Games.,Better,try_the,CCTV website,，,and you are,likely_the,information in no time.,A,to visit; to get B,to visit; getting,C,visiting; to get D,visiting; getting,解析：,try doing,sth,.,意为,“,试着做某事,”,；,be likely to do,sth,.,“,有可能做某事,”,，,be likely,后不可接动词,ing,。,答案：,C,mean,跟,Ving,表示,“,意思是，意味着,”,；跟,to do,表示,“,打算做,”,。,这样考过,If you think that treating a woman well means always _her permission for things,，,think again.,A,gets B,got,C,to get D,getting,解析：,mean doing,意思是，意味着，,mean to do,打算要,句意：如果你认为善待妇女,(,女性,),就意味着事事都要得到她的批准，那就再想想吧。,答案：,D,consider,跟,Ving,表示,“,打算做某事,”,；跟,sb./sth.to,do,表示,“,认为,”,。,begin,/start,跟,Ving,/,to do,意义上无区别，但如下三种情况常使用不定式：,a,该二词用于进行时：,Its beginning/starting to rain.,开始下雨了。,b,物作主语：,The ice began/started to melt.,冰开始融化。,c,其后的非谓语动词表示心理活动：,I began/started to realize my mistake.,我开始意识到自己的错误。,(6)need,/want/,require,Ving(to,be,Ved,),用主动形式表达被动的含义，表示,“,需要被,”,；,be worth,Ving,也用主动形式表达被动的含义，表示,“,值得,”,。,这样考过,As a result of the earthquake,，,twothirds,of the buildings in the area _.,A,need repairing B,needs repairing,C,needs to be repaired D,need to repair,解析：,主语为,buildings,，所以谓语动词应该用非第三人称单数，可以排除,B,、,C,两项。根据句意，建筑物需要被修理，应该用,need doing,或者是,need to be done,，所以选择,A,项。难度适中。,答案：,A,Your composition is good but your handwriting still requires _.,A,improving B,improved,C,being improved D,to improve,答案：,A,(7)on,，,think of,，,how/what about,，,for,，,against,，,in spite of,，,as a result of,，,because of,，,feel like,等介词宾语只能用,Ving,。,这样考过,The man,insisted_a,taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.,A,find B,to find,C,on finding D,in finding,解析：,insist,当,“,坚持,(,认为该怎样做,),”,解时，后接虚拟语气的从句或接,on doing,。,答案：,C,注意：下列动词短语中,to,为介词，后面应用,Ving,形式作宾语。,pay attention to,注意；,see to,注意，负责；,lead to,导致；,refer to,谈到，涉及；,turn to,求助于；,stick to,坚持；,object to,反对；,be/get used to,习惯于做某事；,devote,to,为,奉献时间、精力等；,get down to,开始认真做某事；,be accustomed to,习惯于,。,这样考过,Many teachers strongly object,to_at,school.,A,smoke B,smoking,C,smoked D,having smoked,解析：,object to(,反对,),中的,to,是介词，后面接动名词形式。,答案：,B,They are quiet,，,arent they?,Yes.They,are accustomed _ at meals.,A,to talk B,to not talk,C,to talking D,to not talking,解析：,be accustomed to,后跟动名词作宾语，动名词的否定形式应该在动名词前面加,not,。,答案：,D,I was close to _ the other,day.A,car passed me at _ I thought was a dangerous speed.,A,be killed; that,B,being killed; what,C,being killed; which,D,killing; what,解析：,close to,中的,to,是介词，后接动名词的被动式作宾语。后一空填,what,，,what,引导的名词性从句作,at,的宾语。,答案：,B,3,不定式、,Ved,和,Ving,作宾语补足语的区别,(1)hear,，,listen to,，,see,，,watch,，,notice,，,observe,，,look at,，,make,，,let,，,have,后的宾语补足语如用不定式，,to,常省略；但上述动词为被动语态时，,to,不可省略。,这样考过,I really like this song as it is often heard _ everywhere in China.,A,singing B,sung,C,having sung D,to sing,解析：,it,代指上文,this song,，,sing,与,song,之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词,sung,作主语补足语。,答案：,B,The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.,A,picked up B,picks up,C,pick up D,picking up,解析：,句意为,“,导演要他的助手为这次会议准备一些热狗,”,。,have,sb.do,sth,.,为固定结构，其中,do,sth,.,为省略,to,的不定式作宾语补足语。和,have,类似用法的使役动词有,make,，,let,。,答案：,C,Blamed for breaking my promise,，,I felt my face _ hot,，,and hung my head in shame.,A,to grow B,to be growing,C,grown D,grow,解析：,本题考查,“,feel,宾语宾补,”,结构，由于,feel,是感观动词，故用动词原形作宾补。,答案：,D,(2)tell,，,want,，,allow,，,warn,，,advise,，,ask,，,beg,，,encourage,，,cause,，,expect,，,forbid,，,force,，,get,，,hate,，,help,，,invite,，,would like/love,，,order,，,permit,，,persuade,，,remind,，,teach,，,wish,，,prefer,后的宾语补足语用,to do,。,(,注意：,help,后的宾补,to do,中的,to,可省,),这样考过,The old grandfather,，,much to the surprise of the doctors,，,wont want his granddaughter,_ this week.,A,to operate on B,operates,C,to be operated on D,operating,答案：,C,Due to the heavy rain and flooding,，,ten million people have been forced _ their homes.,A,leaving B,to leave,C,to be left D,being left,解析：,句意：由于大雨和洪水，已经有一千万人被迫离开他们的家园了。,force,sb.to,do/,sb.be,forced to do,“,迫使某人做,”,。,故选,B,项。,答案：,B,(3)think,，,believe,，,consider,，,find,，,imagine,，,feel,，,suppose,后常跟,to be,或,to have,Ved,作宾语补足语。,这样考过,The flu is,believed_by,viruses that like to be reproduced in the cells inside the human nose and throat.,A,causing B,being caused,C,to be caused D,to have caused,解析：,根据,flu,和介词,by,可知应该用被动语态，所以排除,A,和,D,项；再根据,is believed,，可知,C,为最佳选项。因为，,sth.is,believed,/considered/,thought to be/as,sth,.,是英语中的一种常见句式。,答案：,C,(4)feel,，,find,，,see,，,catch,，,hear,，,watch,，,notice,，,have,，,get,，,keep,，,leave,后常跟,Ving,作宾语补足语。,这样考过,If we have illegal immigrants _ in,，,many local workers will lose their jobs.,A,came B,coming,C,to come D,having come,解析：,句意：如果我们让非法移民不断涌入，许多当地的工人就会失业。,have,sb.,/sth,.,doing“,让,一直干,”,；,have,sb.do,“,让某人做,”,；,have,sth,.,done“,让某事被做,/,遭遇某事,”,，如：,He had his leg broken yesterday.,他昨天摔断腿了。,答案：,B,As soon as I entered Evans company I saw a board _,“,_to Evans,”,A,reads; Welcomed B,written; to Welcome,C,reading; Welcome D,printed; Welcome,解析：,“,牌子上写着,”,用动词,read,，表示,“,标明,”,；,“,欢迎你,”,用,You are welcome,，,welcome,用作形容词而不是动词，这里主语和,be,动词都省略了。,答案：,C,(5)find,，,hear,，,see,，,have,，,get,，,make,后常跟,Ved,作宾语补足语。,这样考过,Jenny hopes that,Mr.Smith,will suggest a good way to have her written,English_in,a short period.,A,Improved B,improving,C,to improve D,improve,解析：,所填词作,have,的宾语补足语，与宾语,her written English,是被动关系，用过去分词，选,A,。,答案：,A,Where is Tom?,I last saw,him_in,the library reading.,A,sit B,seated,C,seating D,sat,解析：,此处谓语动词是,saw(see,),，是感官动词，后可跟宾语补足语，,seat,用作动词，作宾补时，通常用其过去分词形式，因此本题选,B,。,答案：,B,To learn English well,，,we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can.,A,speak B,speaking,C,spoken D,to speak,解析：,句中的非谓语动词作,hear,后的宾语补足语。根据,English,和,speak,为动宾关系，因此用过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动。,答案：,C,The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing _ should have attracted the governments attention.,A,solving B,solve,C,to solve D,solved,答案：,D,Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _.,A,worried B,to worry,C,worrying D,worry,解析：,备选答案是动词,worry,的某种形式。,worry,多为及物动词，意为,“,使,担心,/,着急,”,。全句的意思应该是：因小孩违法而惩罚父母的法律使父母感到担心。此外，空中应填宾语补足语，表示宾语的动作、状态、身份等。这样的法律使父母感到担心，也就是说父母被这样的法律弄得担心。所以宾语与补足语之间有被动的主谓关系，而过去分词正好表被动意义。,答案：,A,4,不定式、,Ving,和,Ved,作定语的区别,(1),不定式作定语，它所修饰的名词往往是其逻辑宾语，而且表示的动作尚未发生。,这样考过,The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.,A,produced B,being produced,C,to be produced D,having been produced,解析：,句意：下个月即将上演的戏剧主要是为了表现地方文化。,to be produced,作后置定语，修饰名词,play,，表示,“,将上演的,”,。,produced,表示,“,上演过的,”,，,being produced,表示,“,正在上演的,”,。,答案：,C,With the world changing fast,，,we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day.,A,deal B,dealt,C,to deal D,dealing,解析：,句意：随着世界的快速变化，我们每天都有新的问题要独自处理。本题考查的是不定式作定语，,have something to do,，动词,do,逻辑上的主语是,we,，也就是句子的主语。,答案：,C,注意：不定式与其所修饰的词之间具有动宾关系时，不定式必须是及物动词，而且后面不可再有宾语；如果不定式为不及物动词，后面要加适当的介词，同被修饰的词构成介宾关系：,She found a house to live in.,她找了幢房子住进去。,(2)Ving,所修饰的名词是该动作的执行者,(,即与被修饰的名词之间的关系是逻辑上的主动的主谓关系,),，它表示的动作与主句动作同时进行或说话时正在进行。,这样考过,Barack,Obama,told millions _ him that his grandmothers influence on _ he is and the way he views the world was significant.,A,support; how B,supporting; who,C,supported; where D,to support; what,解析：,奥巴马对数百万注视着他的人说，他的外祖母对他的性格和世界观形成影响很大。,supporting him,作,millions,的后置定语。,答案：,B,The plans _ by many managers now will be carried out next month.,A,being discussed,B,discussed,C,to be discussed,D,having been discussed,答案：,A,There is still a long way to go to work out all the problems _ conservation of natural resources.,A,concerning B,concerned,C,to concern D,concern,解析：,由句意：要解决保护自然资源的问题，我们仍有很长的路要走。知空中应填一个作后置定语的短语，,concerning,“,与,有关,”,，作,prep,.,。,答案：,A,(3)Ved,作定语，其修饰的名词是该动作的承受者,(,即与被修饰的名词之间的关系是逻辑上的被动的主谓关系,),。它所表示的动作含被动的意义，但并不表示完成的概念；或既表示被动的意义又表示完成的概念。,这样考过,For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.,A,grown B,being grown,C,to be grown D,to grow,解析：,句意：早饭他只喝自己农场种的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。此题考查非谓语动词作后置定语。,fruit,与,grow,为被动关系，故排除,D,选项；,being grown,正被种植；,to be grown,将要被种植，均不合题意，所以选,A,。,答案：,A,With the governments aid,，,those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.,A,affect B,affecting,C,affected D,were affected,解析：,句意：在政府的援助下，那些受到地震影响的人们已经搬到新的定居点。用,affect,的过去分词形式作主语,those,的后置定语，表示,“,受到地震影响的人们,”,。,答案：,C,5,Ving,和不定式作主语的区别,(1),v,.ing,泛指某种行为、活动或某种职业；动词不定式指特定的某一次行为或活动。,这样考过,What made you so delighted at Christmas?,_.,A,I received many more presents than others,B,Because my parents promised me a new car,C,My uncles coming back from abroad,D,As there was an unusual celebration,解析：,句意：,“,在圣诞节什么事让你这么高兴？,”“,我叔叔从国外回来。,”,第一句中,what,作主语，用来回答它的只能是名词、代词、不定式、动名词或名词性从句。,答案：,C,_ these suggestions will help you become more cooperative and achieve more.,A,Followed B,Following,C,To follow D,Being followed,解析：,由句中缺空处知缺少主语，且与句中的,“,you,”,构成逻辑主谓关系，故可排除,A,、,D,项。,B,项动名词,following,表示经常的、习惯的动作或情况，而,C,项中的,to follow,则表示某一次特定的、具体的动作，相比较,B,项要比,C,项好，故选,B,。,答案：,B,_ in the countryside made,Mr.Wilson,very hardworking when he was still young.,A,Bringing up B,Being brought up,C,Having brought up D,Brought up,解析：,动名词的被动式作主语。,答案：,B,(2),通常使用形式主语,it,。常见句型结构为：,1,It is,/was,adj.,of/,for,sb.to,do,sth,.,注意：,介词用,of,还是用,for,要根据前面的形容词而定。若该形容词表示人的性格特征用,of,，表示事物的特征就必须用,for,。,这样考过,“,Once people think you are a liar,，,its hard _,，,no matter what youll,say.,”,father,warned his son.,A,for you to make yourself believe,B,for you to make yourself believed,C,of you to make yourself believing,D,of you to make yourself believe,解析：,本题考查句型,It is hard for,sb.to,do,sth,.,和词组,make oneself done,。父亲警告儿子说：,“,一旦人们认为你是个骗子，那么无论你说什么，都很难让人相信你。,”,答案：,B,还可能这样考,It is silly of me_ all eggs in one,basket.That,was the worst mistake Ive ever made.,A,to put B,to have put,C,putting D,having put,解析：,此题易误选,A,。后句语境提示,That was the worst mistake,，说明这一动作发生在过去，故应用不定式完成式表示动作已发生。句意：把所有的鸡蛋都放在了一个篮子里，我真是太蠢了。这是我所犯过的最糟糕的一个错误。,答案：,B,2,It is no use,/no good doing,sth,.,做,没有用处,/,好处,可能这样考,It is no,use_without,doing.,A,to promise B,promising,C,promise D,to be promised,解析：,it,为形式主语，真正的主语是,promising without doing,。,答案：,B,3,There is no use,/no good/,no,point(in)doing,sth,.,做,没有用处,/,好处,/,意义,这样考过,There is _ what the weather will be like.,A,not knowing B,no knowing,C,not know D,no known,解析：,句意：无法知道天气会是什么样子。,There is no doing.,It is impossible to do.,“,是不可能的,”,，是固定句式，所以答案为,B,项。,答案：,B,6,不定式和,Ving,作表语的区别,(1),不定式作表语表示特定的某次行为或动作；,Ving,作表语表示某种职业，某种状态，事物的性质、特点等。,可能这样考,Her wish,is_a,teacher.,A,to becoming B,become,C,to become D,becoming,解析：,做老师是她的愿望。,to do,表示一个具体的未来的动作，所以应选择,to become,。,答案：,C,What worried me most was_ to go abroad alone.,A,my not allowing,B,having not allowed,C,my being not allowed,D,my not being allowed,解析：,句意：最让我担心的事是我不会被允许单独出国。考查非谓语动词作表语，根据句意，应为被动，故排除,A,、,B,两项，否定词,not,应置于非谓语动词前，故选,D,。,答案：,D,(2)Ved,作表语表示某种状态、情绪。,注意：,选用,Ving,形式还是选用,Ved,作表语，取决于非谓语动词与句子主语的关系。如果是意义上的主谓关系，用,Ving,形式，说明事物的性质或特征，可译为,“,令人感到,的,”,；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则用,Ved,，多指人的感情或感觉，常译为,“,感到,”,。,在某些习惯用法中，不定式用主动式代替被动式。,The house is to let.,该屋出租。,I am to blame.,是我不好。,7,独立主格结构,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不是同一主语，它的构成为,“,主格词,(,代词主格或名词,),非谓语动词,”,，在句中只能作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随：,It being rainy,，,we had to stay at home.,天气多雨，我们只好呆在家里。,这样考过,On Saturday evenings guests are entertained in the garden,，,weather _.,A,permits B,permit,C,permitting D,permitted,解析：,两个句子之间有逗号隔开时，它们之间存在下列几种情况：,1),两个句子之间有并列连词；,2),两个句子之间有从属连词；,3),两个句子之间无连词，其中一个句子用非谓语动词的形式来表达。此题属于第三种情况，两个句子之间无连词且主语不一致，其中一个用独立主格结构的形式来表达，作条件状语。句意：如果天气允许的话，客人们通常星期六晚上在花园里娱乐。,答案：,C,The women waited on the windy lawn,，,their skirts _ against their legs,，,keeping their hats on with difficulty.,A,being blowing B,to blow,C,to be blown D,blown,解析：,句意：妇女们在有风的草坪上等着时，风吹起了她们的裙子，她们费力地按着帽子。,their skirts.difficulty,作伴随状语，其中,their skirts blown against their legs,是独立主格结构的表达形式，,blow,和,skirts,之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词表示被动和完成。请注意,A,项的表达形式不正确，不要受其干扰。,答案：,D,When he joined them in the work,，,he was disappointed at there _ so little to do.,A,being B,were,C,having D,had,解析：,句意：当他加入他们一起工作的时候，因为几乎无事可做，所以他很失望。,be disappointed at,“,因,而失望,”,，,at,是介词，其后要接名词、代词或动名词的形式，所以,there be,句式要用,there being,的形式。,答案：,A,8,with,复合结构,(with,宾语,Ved,/Ving/,to,do),With some students followed behind,，,he came in.,他走了进来，身后跟着一群学生。作伴随状语。,注意：,“,with,宾语,”,后也可跟形容词、副词、介词短语、名词构成复合结构。,这样考过,With their son _ a foreign college now,，,the parents have some financial problems now and then.,A,to attend B,attending,C,attended D,having attended,解析：,此题考查,with,结构，表伴随。父母不时会有金融方面的困难，,with,宾语宾补。宾语：他们的儿子和上大学是主动关系，正在上大学，故选,B,项。,答案：,B,_ the rain falling so frequently,，,it becomes more and more difficult to be early on the rescue work.,A,Since,B.With,C,As D,For,解析：,根据句中,_ the rain failing so frequently,可知，这是一个由,with,宾语宾补的复合结构，作原因状语，故选,B,。而,C,项中也是随着,，但,as,为连词，其后应加句子，故排除；,A,、,D,两项不合语境，也排除。,答案：,B,Now that weve discussed our problem,，,are people happy with the decisions _,？,A,Taking B,take,C,taken D,to take,解析：,句意：既然我们已讨论了我们的问题，人们对我们所做的决定满意吗？此题考查非谓语动词。,decisions,与,take,为被动关系，,taken,表被动完成，故选,C,。,taking,表主动和进行，,to take,一般表主动和将来。,答案：,C,9,独立成分,在句子中作插入语，不受主句主语的限制。,